Element 40 of Periodic table is Zirconium with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224. Zirconium, symbol Zr, has a Simple Hexagonal structure and Silver color. Zirconium is a transition metal element. Know everything about Zirconium Facts, Physical Properties, Chemical Properties, Electronic configuration, Atomic and Crystal Structure.
Zirconium is a chemical element with symbol Zr and atomic number 40. The name of zirconium is taken from the name of the mineral zircon, the most important source of zirconium. The word zircon comes from the Persian word zargun زرگون, meaning "gold-colored".
Read key information and facts about element Zirconium
| Name | Zirconium |
| Atomic Number | 40 |
| Atomic Symbol | Zr |
| Atomic Weight | 91.224 |
| Phase | Solid |
| Color | Silver |
| Classification | transition metal |
| Group in Periodic Table | 4 |
| Group Name | titanium family |
| Period in Periodic Table | 5 |
| Block in Periodic Table | d-block |
| Electronic Configuration | [Kr] 4d2 5s2 |
| Melting Point | 1855 °C |
| Boiling Point | 4409 °C |
| Electronic Shell Structure | [2, 8, 18, 10, 2] |
| CAS Number | CAS7440-67-7 |
Periodic table is arranged by atomic number, number of protons in the nucleus which is same as number of electrons. The atomic number increases from left to right. Periodic table starts at top left ( Atomic number 1) and ends at bottom right (atomic number 118). Therefore you can directly look for atomic number 40 to find Zirconium on periodic table.
Another way to read periodic table and locate an element is by using group number (column) and period number (row). To locate Zirconium on periodic table look for cross section of group 4 and period 5 in the modern periodic table.
The element Zirconium was discovered by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in year 1789 in Germany . Zirconium derived its name from Persian Zargun, 'gold-colored'; German Zirkoon, 'jargoon'
The table below shows the abundance of Zirconium in Universe, Sun, Meteorites, Earth's Crust, Oceans and Human Body.
| Ppb by weight (1ppb =10^-7 %) | |
|---|---|
| Abundance in Universe | 5×10-6% |
| Abundance in Sun | 4×10-6% |
| Abundance in Meteorites | 6.6e-06 |
| Abundance in Earth's Crust | 0.00013 |
| Abundance in Oceans | 2.6×10-9% |
| Abundance in Humans | 5×10-6% |
The solid state structure of Zirconium is Simple Hexagonal.
The Crystal structure can be described in terms of its unit Cell. The unit Cells repeats itself in three dimensional space to form the structure.
The unit cell is represented in terms of its lattice parameters, which are the lengths of the cell edges Lattice Constants (a, b and c)
| a | b | c |
|---|---|---|
| 323.2 | 323.2 | 514.7 pm |
and the angles between them Lattice Angles (alpha, beta and gamma).
| alpha | beta | gamma |
|---|---|---|
| π/2 | π/2 | 2 π/3 |
The positions of the atoms inside the unit cell are described by the set of atomic positions ( xi, yi, zi) measured from a reference lattice point.
The symmetry properties of the crystal are described by the concept of space groups. All possible symmetric arrangements of particles in three-dimensional space are described by the 230 space groups (219 distinct types, or 230 if chiral copies are considered distinct.
| Space Group Name | P63/mmc |
|
| Space Group Number | 194 | |
| Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal |
Zirconium atoms have 40 electrons and the electronic shell structure is [2, 8, 18, 10, 2] with Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) 3F2.
| Atomic Number | 40 |
| Number of Electrons (with no charge) | 40 |
| Number of Protons | 40 |
| Mass Number | 91 |
| Number of Neutrons | 51 |
| Shell structure (Electrons per energy level) | [2, 8, 18, 10, 2] |
| Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d2 5s2 |
| Valence Electrons | 4d2 5s2 |
| Oxidation State |
-2
1;2;3;4 |
| Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) | 3F2 |
Shell Structure of Zirconium - Electrons per energy level
| n | s | p | d | f | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | K | 2 | |||
| 2 | L | 2 | 6 | ||
| 3 | M | 2 | 6 | 10 | |
| 4 | N | 2 | 6 | 2 | |
| 5 | O | 2 |
The ground state electronic configuration of Neutral Zirconium atom is [Kr] 4d2 5s2. The portion of Zirconium configuration that is equivalent to the noble gas of the preceding period, is abbreviated as [Kr]. For atoms with many electrons, this notation can become lengthy and so an abbreviated notation is used.This is important as it is the Valence electrons 4d2 5s2, electrons in the outermost shell that determine the chemical properties of the element.
Complete ground state electronic configuration for the Zirconium atom, Unabbreviated electronic configuration
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d2 5s2
Zirconium atomic radius is 206 pm, while it's covalent radius is 148 pm.
| Atomic Radius |
206 pm (2.06 Å) |
| Atomic Volume | 14.0107510367 cm3 |
| Covalent Radius | 148 pm (1.48 Å) |
| Van der Waals Radius | N/A |
| Neutron Cross Section | 0.184 σa/barns |
The electron affinity of Zirconium is 41.1 kJ/mol
| Valence | 4 |
| Electronegativity | 1.33 |
| ElectronAffinity | 41.1 kJ/mol |
Refer to table below for Ionization energies of Zirconium
| Ionization energy number | Enthalpy - kJ/mol |
|---|---|
| 1 | 640.1 |
| 2 | 1270 |
| 3 | 2218 |
| 4 | 3313 |
| 5 | 7752 |
| 6 | 9.5×103 |
Refer to below table for Zirconium Physical Properties
| Density | 6.511 g/cm3 |
| Molar Volume | 14.0107510367 cm3 |
| Young Modulus | 68 GPa |
| Shear Modulus | 33 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus | N/A |
| Poisson Ratio | 0.34 |
| Mohs Hardness | 5 MPa |
| Vickers Hardness | 903 MPa |
| Brinell Hardness | 650 MPa |
Zirconium is Conductor of electricity. Refer to table below for the Electrical properties of Zirconium
| Electrical Conductivity | 2.4×106 S/m |
| Resistivity | 4.2×10-7 m Ω |
| Superconducting Point | 0.61 |
| Thermal Conductivity | 23 W/(m K) |
| Thermal Expansion | 5.7×10-6 K-1 |
| Magnetic Type | Paramagnetic |
| Curie Point | N/A |
| Mass Magnetic Susceptibility | 1.68×10-8 |
| Molar Magnetic Susceptibility | 1.53×10-9 |
| Volume Magnetic Susceptibility | 0.000109 |
| Refractive Index | N/A |
| Speed of Sound | 3.8×103 m/s |
Refer to table below for Thermal properties of Zirconium
| Melting Point | 2128 K (1855 °C) |
| Boiling Point | 4682 K (4409 °C) |
| Critical Temperature | N/A |
| Superconducting Point | 0.61 |
| Heat of Fusion | 21 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Vaporization | 580 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Combustion | N/A |
Isotopes of rhodium. Naturally occurring Zirconium has 4 stable isotope - 90Zr, 91Zr, 92Zr, 94Zr.
| Isotope | Isotope Mass | % Abundance | T half | Decay Mode |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 78Zr | ||||
| 79Zr | ||||
| 80Zr | ||||
| 81Zr | ||||
| 82Zr | ||||
| 83Zr | ||||
| 84Zr | ||||
| 85Zr | ||||
| 86Zr | ||||
| 87Zr | ||||
| 88Zr | ||||
| 89Zr | ||||
| 90Zr | 51.45% | Stable | N/A | |
| 91Zr | 11.22% | Stable | N/A | |
| 92Zr | 17.15% | Stable | N/A | |
| 93Zr | ||||
| 94Zr | 17.38% | Stable | N/A | |
| 95Zr | ||||
| 96Zr | 2.8% | |||
| 97Zr | ||||
| 98Zr | ||||
| 99Zr | ||||
| 100Zr | ||||
| 101Zr | ||||
| 102Zr | ||||
| 103Zr | ||||
| 104Zr | ||||
| 105Zr | ||||
| 106Zr | ||||
| 107Zr | ||||
| 108Zr | ||||
| 109Zr | ||||
| 110Zr |
| CAS Number | CAS7440-67-7 |
| RTECS Number | N/A |
| DOT Hazard Class | 4.2 |
| DOT Numbers | 2008 |
| EU Number | N/A |
| NFPA Fire Rating | 1 |
| NFPA Hazards | N/A |
| NFPA Health Rating | 1 |
| NFPA Reactivity Rating | 0 |
| Autoignition Point | N/A |
| Flashpoint | N/A |
List of unique identifiers to search the element in various chemical registry databases
| Database | Identifier number |
|---|---|
| CAS Number - Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) | CAS7440-67-7 |
| CID Number | CID23995 |
| Gmelin Number | N/A |
| NSC Number | N/A |
| RTECS Number | N/A |
Metalloid |
Nonmetals |
| Other Nonmetals | |
| Halogens | Noble Gas |
Metals |
|
| Alkali Metals | Alkaline Earth Metals |
| Transition Metals | Post-Transition Metals |
| Lanthanide | Actinide |