Tm Thulium
Element Information, Facts, Properties, Trends, Uses, Comparison with other elements

The solid state structure of Thulium is Simple Hexagonal.

The Crystal structure can be described in terms of its unit Cell. The unit Cells repeats itself in three dimensional space to form the structure.

Unit Cell Parameters

The unit cell is represented in terms of its lattice parameters, which are the lengths of the cell edges Lattice Constants (a, b and c)

and the angles between them Lattice Angles (alpha, beta and gamma).

The positions of the atoms inside the unit cell are described by the set of atomic positions ( x_i, y_i, z_i) measured from a reference lattice point.

The symmetry properties of the crystal are described by the concept of space groups. All possible symmetric arrangements of particles in three-dimensional space are described by the 230 space groups (219 distinct types, or 230 if chiral copies are considered distinct.

Space Group Name	P63/mmc
Space Group Number	194
Crystal Structure	Simple Hexagonal
Number of atoms per unit cell

Thulium atoms have 69 electrons and the electronic shell structure is [2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2] with Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) ²F_7/2.

Atomic Number	69
Number of Electrons (with no charge)	69
Number of Protons	69
Mass Number	169
Number of Neutrons	100
Shell structure (Electrons per energy level)	2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2
Electron Configuration	[Xe] 4f13 6s2
Valence Electrons	4f13 6s2
Valence (Valency)	3
Main Oxidation States	3
Oxidation States	0, 1, 2, 3
Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers)	2F7/2

Bohr Atomic Model of Thulium - Electrons per energy level

n		s	p	d	f

Ground State Electronic Configuration of Thulium - neutral Thulium atom

Abbreviated electronic configuration of Thulium

The ground state abbreviated electronic configuration of Neutral Thulium atom is [Xe] 4f13 6s2. The portion of Thulium configuration that is equivalent to the noble gas of the preceding period, is abbreviated as [Xe]. For atoms with many electrons, this notation can become lengthy and so an abbreviated notation is used. This is important as it is the Valence electrons 4f13 6s2, electrons in the outermost shell that determine the chemical properties of the element.

Unabbreviated electronic configuration of neutral Thulium

Complete ground state electronic configuration for the Thulium atom, Unabbreviated electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 4f13 6s2

Electrons are filled in atomic orbitals as per the order determined by the Aufbau principle, Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s Rule.

As per the Aufbau principle the electrons will occupy the orbitals having lower energies before occupying higher energy orbitals. According to this principle, electrons are filled in the following order: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p…

The Pauli exclusion principle states that a maximum of two electrons, each having opposite spins, can fit in an orbital.

Hund's rule states that every orbital in a given subshell is singly occupied by electrons before a second electron is filled in an orbital.

Atomic Structure of Thulium

Thulium atomic radius is 222 pm, while it's covalent radius is - .

Atomic Spectrum of Thulium

The electron affinity of Thulium is 50 kJ/mol.

Ionization Energy of Thulium

Refer to table below for Ionization energies of Thulium

Refer to below table for Thulium Physical Properties

Elastic Properties

Hardness of Thulium - Tests to Measure of Hardness of Element

Thulium Electrical Properties

Thulium is Conductor of electricity. Refer to table below for the Electrical properties ofThulium

Thulium Heat and Conduction Properties

Thulium Magnetic Properties

Optical Properties of Thulium

Acoustic Properties of Thulium

Refer to table below for Thermal properties of Thulium

Enthalpies of Thulium

Thulium has 35 isotopes, with between 145 and 179 nucleons. Thulium has 1 stable naturally occuring isotopes.

Isotopes of Thulium - Naturally occurring stable Isotopes: 169Tm.