Pa - Protactinium

91
Pa
Protactinium

Protactinium Element Information, Facts, Properties, Trends, Uses, Comparison with other elements

Element 91 of Periodic table is Protactinium with atomic number 91, atomic weight 231.03588. Protactinium, symbol Pa, has a Centered Tetragonal structure and Silver color. Protactinium is a Actinide element. It is part of group null (). Know everything about Protactinium Facts, Physical Properties, Chemical Properties, Electronic configuration, Atomic and Crystal Structure.
91 Pa - Protactinium | SchoolMyKids

Protactinium is a chemical element with symbol Pa and atomic number 91. It is a dense, silvery-gray metal which readily reacts with oxygen, water vapor and inorganic acids. It forms various chemical compounds where protactinium is usually present in the oxidation state +5, but can also assume +4 and even +2 or +3 states.

It belongs to group null of the periodic table having trivial name . You can also download Printable Periodic Table of Elements Flashcards for Protactinium in a PDF format.

Protactinium Facts

Read key information and facts about element Protactinium

NameProtactinium
Atomic Number91
Atomic SymbolPa
Atomic Weight231.03588
PhaseSolid
ColorSilver
Appearancebright, silvery metallic luster
ClassificationActinide
Natural OccuranceFrom decay
Group in Periodic Table-
Group Name
Period in Periodic Tableperiod 7
Block in Periodic Tablef-block
Electronic Configuration[Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2
Electronic Shell Structure (Electrons per shell)2, 8, 18, 32, 20, 9, 2
Melting Point1845 K
Boiling Point4273 K
CAS NumberCAS7440-13-3
Neighborhood Elements
123456789101112131415161718
1
1
H
Hydrogen
1.008

Atomic #

Electronic Shell #

Symbol
Name
Atomic Weight
HGas
HgLiquid
CSolid
Metals
Metalloids
NonMetals
Alkali metals
Alkali earth metals
Lanthanoids
Transition metals
Post-transition metals
Other nonmetals
Halogens
Nobel gas
Actinoids
2
He
Helium
4.003
2
3
Li
Lithium
6.941
4
Be
Beryllium
9.012
5
B
Boron
10.811
6
C
Carbon
12.011
7
N
Nitrogen
14.007
8
O
Oxygen
15.999
9
F
Fluorine
18.998
10
Ne
Neon
20.180
3
11
Na
Sodium
22.990
12
Mg
Magnesium
24.305
13
Al
Aluminium
26.982
14
Si
Silicon
28.085
15
P
Phosphorus
30.974
16
S
Sulfur
32.065
17
Cl
Chlorine
35.453
18
Ar
Argon
39.948
4
19
K
Potassium
39.098
20
Ca
Calcium
40.078
21
Sc
Scandium
44.956
22
Ti
Titanium
47.867
23
V
Vanadium
50.941
24
Cr
Chromium
51.996
25
Mn
Manganese
54.938
26
Fe
Iron
55.845
27
Co
Cobalt
58.933
28
Ni
Nickel
58.693
29
Cu
Copper
63.546
30
Zn
Zinc
65.409
31
Ga
Gallium
69.723
32
Ge
Germanium
72.640
33
As
Arsenic
74.922
34
Se
Selenium
78.960
35
Br
Bromine
79.904
36
Kr
Krypton
83.798
5
37
Rb
Rubidium
85.468
38
Sr
Strontium
87.620
39
Y
Yttrium
88.906
40
Zr
Zirconium
91.224
41
Nb
Niobium
92.906
42
Mo
Molybdenum
95.940
43
Tc
Technetium
98
44
Ru
Ruthenium
101.070
45
Rh
Rhodium
102.906
46
Pd
Palladium
106.420
47
Ag
Silver
107.868
48
Cd
Cadmium
112.411
49
In
Indium
114.818
50
Sn
Tin
118.710
51
Sb
Antimony
121.760
52
Te
Tellurium
127.600
53
I
Iodine
126.904
54
Xe
Xenon
131.293
6
55
Cs
Cesium
132.905
56
Ba
Barium
137.327
57 - 71
La - Lu
Lanthanides
72
Hf
Hafnium
178.490
73
Ta
Tantalum
180.948
74
W
Tungsten
183.840
75
Re
Rhenium
186.207
76
Os
Osmium
190.230
77
Ir
Iridium
192.217
78
Pt
Platinum
195.078
79
Au
Gold
196.967
80
Hg
Mercury
200.590
81
Tl
Thallium
204.383
82
Pb
Lead
207.200
83
Bi
Bismuth
208.980
84
Po
Polonium
209
85
At
Astatine
210
86
Rn
Radon
222
7
87
Fr
Francium
223
88
Ra
Radium
226
89 - 103
Ac - Lr
Actinides
104
Rf
Rutherfordium
261
105
Db
Dubnium
262
106
Sg
Seaborgium
266
107
Bh
Bohrium
264
108
Hs
Hassium
269
109
Mt
Meitnerium
268
110
Ds
Darmstadtium
281
111
Rg
Roentgenium
272
112
Cn
Copernicium
285
113
Nh
Nihonium
284
114
Fl
Flerovium
289
115
Mc
Moscovium
288
116
Lv
Livermorium
292
117
Ts
Tennessine
294
118
Og
Oganesson
294
Lanthanides
57
La
Lanthanum
138.905
58
Ce
Cerium
140.116
59
Pr
Praseodymium
140.908
60
Nd
Neodymium
144.240
61
Pm
Promethium
145
62
Sm
Samarium
150.360
63
Eu
Europium
151.964
64
Gd
Gadolinium
157.250
65
Tb
Terbium
158.925
66
Dy
Dysprosium
162.500
67
Ho
Holmium
164.930
68
Er
Erbium
167.259
69
Tm
Thulium
168.934
70
Yb
Ytterbium
173.040
71
Lu
Lutetium
174.967
Actinides
89
Ac
Actinium
227
90
Th
Thorium
232.038
91
Pa
Protactinium
231.036
92
U
Uranium
238.029
93
Np
Neptunium
237
94
Pu
Plutonium
244
95
Am
Americium
243
96
Cm
Curium
247
97
Bk
Berkelium
247
98
Cf
Californium
251
99
Es
Einsteinium
252
100
Fm
Fermium
257
101
Md
Mendelevium
258
102
No
Nobelium
259
103
Lr
Lawrencium
262

How to Locate Protactinium on Periodic Table

Periodic table is arranged by atomic number, number of protons in the nucleus which is same as number of electrons. The atomic number increases from left to right. Periodic table starts at top left ( Atomic number 1) and ends at bottom right (atomic number 118). Therefore you can directly look for atomic number 91 to find Protactinium on periodic table.

Another way to read periodic table and locate an element is by using group number (column) and period number (row). To locate Protactinium on periodic table look for cross section of group - and period 7 in the modern periodic table.

Protactinium History

The element Protactinium was discovered by O. H. Göhring and K. Fajans in year 1913 in Germany and United Kingdom. Protactinium was first isolated by A. von Grosse in 1927. Protactinium derived its name from the Greek protos, 'first', and actinium, which is produced through the radioactive decay of protactinium.

Discovered By O. H. Göhring and K. Fajans
Discovery Date 1913 in Germany and United Kingdom
First Isolation 1927
Isolated by A. von Grosse

The two obtained the first isotope of this element that had been predicted by Mendeleev in 1871 as a member of the natural decay of 238U. Originally isolated in 1900 by William Crookes, who nevertheless did not recognize that it was a new element.

Protactinium Uses

There are currently no commercial uses for protactinium due to its relative rarity.

Protactinium Presence: Abundance in Nature and Around Us

The table below shows the abundance of Protactinium in Universe, Sun, Meteorites, Earth's Crust, Oceans and Human Body.

 ppb by weight (1ppb =10^-7 %)ppb by atoms (1ppb =10^-7 %)
Abundance in Universe--
Abundance in Sun--
Abundance in Meteorites--
Abundance in Earth's Crust0.0000100.0000009
Abundance in Oceans0.00000000000000020.000000000000000005
Abundance in Humans--

Crystal Structure of Protactinium

The solid state structure of Protactinium is Centered Tetragonal.

The Crystal structure can be described in terms of its unit Cell. The unit Cells repeats itself in three dimensional space to form the structure.

Unit Cell Parameters

The unit cell is represented in terms of its lattice parameters, which are the lengths of the cell edges Lattice Constants (a, b and c)

abc
392.5 pm392.5 pm323.8 pm

and the angles between them Lattice Angles (alpha, beta and gamma).

alphabetagamma
π/2 π/2 π/2

The positions of the atoms inside the unit cell are described by the set of atomic positions ( xi, yi, zi) measured from a reference lattice point.

The symmetry properties of the crystal are described by the concept of space groups. All possible symmetric arrangements of particles in three-dimensional space are described by the 230 space groups (219 distinct types, or 230 if chiral copies are considered distinct.

Space Group NameI4/mmm
Space Group Number139
Crystal StructureCentered Tetragonal
Number of atoms per unit cell
91 Pa Protactinium - Crystal Structure | SchoolMyKids

The number of atoms per unit cell in a simple cubic, face-centered cubic and body-centred cubic are 1,4,2 respectively.

Protactinium Atomic and Orbital Properties

Protactinium atoms have 91 electrons and the electronic shell structure is [2, 8, 18, 32, 20, 9, 2] with Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) 4K11/2.

Atomic Number91
Number of Electrons (with no charge)91
Number of Protons91
Mass Number231
Number of Neutrons140
Shell structure (Electrons per energy level)2, 8, 18, 32, 20, 9, 2
Electron Configuration[Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2
Valence Electrons5f2 6d1 7s2
Valence (Valency)5
Main Oxidation States5
Oxidation States2, 3, 4, 5
Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers)4K11/2

Bohr Atomic Model of Protactinium - Electrons per energy level

91 Pa Protactinium Electron Shell Structure | SchoolMyKids
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Ground State Electronic Configuration of Protactinium - neutral Protactinium atom

Abbreviated electronic configuration of Protactinium

The ground state abbreviated electronic configuration of Neutral Protactinium atom is [Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2. The portion of Protactinium configuration that is equivalent to the noble gas of the preceding period, is abbreviated as [Rn]. For atoms with many electrons, this notation can become lengthy and so an abbreviated notation is used. This is important as it is the Valence electrons 5f2 6d1 7s2, electrons in the outermost shell that determine the chemical properties of the element.

Unabbreviated electronic configuration of neutral Protactinium

Complete ground state electronic configuration for the Protactinium atom, Unabbreviated electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6 5f2 6d1 7s2

Electrons are filled in atomic orbitals as per the order determined by the Aufbau principle, Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s Rule.

As per the Aufbau principle the electrons will occupy the orbitals having lower energies before occupying higher energy orbitals. According to this principle, electrons are filled in the following order: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p…

The Pauli exclusion principle states that a maximum of two electrons, each having opposite spins, can fit in an orbital.

Hund's rule states that every orbital in a given subshell is singly occupied by electrons before a second electron is filled in an orbital.

Electron configuration of Protactinium

Atomic Structure of Protactinium

Protactinium atomic radius is 180 pm, while it's covalent radius is -.

Atomic Radius Calculated180 pm(1.8 Å)
Atomic Radius Empirical180 pm (1.8 Å)
Atomic Volume15.18 cm3/mol
Covalent Radius-
Van der Waals Radius-
Neutron Cross Section500
Neutron Mass Absorption -

Spectral Lines of Protactinium - Atomic Spectrum of Protactinium

A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from an excess or deficiency of photons in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies. Spectral lines are often used to identify atoms and molecules.

Spectral lines are the result of interaction between a quantum system and a single photon. A spectral line may be observed either as an emission line or an absorption line.

Spectral lines are highly atom-specific, and can be used to identify the chemical composition of any medium. Several elements, including helium, thallium, and caesium, were discovered by spectroscopic means. They are widely used to determine the physical conditions of stars and other celestial bodies that cannot be analyzed by other means.

Emission spectrum of Protactinium

Emission Spectrum of Protactinium | SchoolMyKids

Absorption spectrum of Protactinium

Absorption Spectrum of Protactinium | SchoolMyKids

Protactinium Chemical Properties: Protactinium Ionization Energies and electron affinity

The electron affinity of Protactinium is -.

Valence5
Electronegativity1.5
ElectronAffinity-

Ionization Energy of Protactinium

Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom or molecule.in chemistry, this energy is expresed in kilocalories per mole (kcal/mol) or kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol).

Refer to table below for Ionization energies of Protactinium

Ionization energy numberEnthalpy - kJ/mol
1st568

Protactinium Physical Properties

Refer to below table for Protactinium Physical Properties

Density15.37 g/cm3
Molar Volume15.18 cm3/mol

Elastic Properties

Young Modulus-
Shear Modulus-
Bulk Modulus -
Poisson Ratio-

Hardness of Protactinium - Tests to Measure of Hardness of Element

Mohs Hardness-
Vickers Hardness-
Brinell Hardness-

Protactinium Electrical Properties

Electrical resistivity measures element's electrical resistance or how strongly it resists electric current.The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm-metre (Ω⋅m). While Electrical conductivity is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity. It represents a element's ability to conduct electric current. The SI unit of electrical conductivity is siemens per metre (S/m).

Protactinium is a conductor of electricity. Refer to table below for the Electrical properties of Protactinium

Electrical conductors Conductor
Electrical Conductivity5600000 S/m
Resistivity1.8e-7 m Ω
Superconducting Point1.4

Protactinium Heat and Conduction Properties

Thermal Conductivity47 W/(m K)
Thermal Expansion-

Protactinium Magnetic Properties

Magnetic TypeParamagnetic
Curie Point-
Mass Magnetic Susceptibility3.25e-8 m3/kg
Molar Magnetic Susceptibility7.509e-9 m3/mol
Volume Magnetic Susceptibility0.0004995

Optical Properties of Protactinium

Refractive Index-

Acoustic Properties of Protactinium

Speed of Sound-

Protactinium Thermal Properties - Enthalpies and thermodynamics

Refer to table below for Thermal properties of Protactinium

Melting Point1845 K(1571.85 °C, 2861.330 °F)
Boiling Point4273 K(3999.85 °C, 7231.730 °F)
Critical Temperature-
Superconducting Point1.4

Enthalpies of Protactinium

Heat of Fusion15 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization470 kJ/mol
Heat of Combustion-

Protactinium Isotopes - Nuclear Properties of Protactinium

Protactinium has 29 isotopes, with between 212 and 240 nucleons. Protactinium has 0 stable naturally occuring isotopes.

Isotopes of Protactinium - Naturally occurring stable Isotopes: -.

IsotopeZNIsotope Mass% AbundanceT halfDecay Mode
212Pa91121212Synthetic
213Pa91122213Synthetic
214Pa91123214Synthetic
215Pa91124215Synthetic
216Pa91125216Synthetic
217Pa91126217Synthetic
218Pa91127218Synthetic
219Pa91128219Synthetic
220Pa91129220Synthetic
221Pa91130221Synthetic
222Pa91131222Synthetic
223Pa91132223Synthetic
224Pa91133224Synthetic
225Pa91134225Synthetic
226Pa91135226Synthetic
227Pa91136227Synthetic
228Pa91137228Synthetic
229Pa91138229Synthetic
230Pa91139230Synthetic
231Pa91140231Synthetic32788 yearsAlphaEmission
232Pa91141232Synthetic
233Pa91142233Synthetic
234Pa91143234Synthetic
235Pa91144235Synthetic
236Pa91145236Synthetic
237Pa91146237Synthetic
238Pa91147238Synthetic
239Pa91148239Synthetic
240Pa91149240Synthetic

Regulatory and Health - Health and Safety Parameters and Guidelines

The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) identifies hazard class of all dangerous elements/goods/commodities either by its class (or division) number or name. The DOT has divided these materials into nine different categories, known as Hazard Classes.

NFPA 704 is a Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response. NFPA is a standard maintained by the US based National Fire Protection Association.

The health (blue), flammability (red), and reactivity (yellow) rating all use a numbering scale ranging from 0 to 4. A value of zero means that the element poses no hazard; a rating of four indicates extreme danger.

Autoignition Point-
Flashpoint-

Database Search

List of unique identifiers to search the element in various chemical registry databases

DatabaseIdentifier number
CAS Number - Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)CAS7440-13-3
RTECS Number-
CID Number -
Gmelin Number-
NSC Number-

Compare Protactinium with other elements

Compare Protactinium with Group , Period 7 and Actinide elements of the periodic table.

Compare Protactinium with all Group elements

Compare Protactinium with all Period 7 elements

Compare Protactinium with all Actinide elements

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Find the answers to the most frequently asked questions about Protactinium

The electronic configuration of Protactinium is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6 5f2 6d1 7s2.

The abbreviated electronic configuration of Protactinium is [Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2. To form abbreviated notation of electronic configuration, the completely filled subshells are replaced by the noble gas of the preceding period in square brackets.

Symbol of Protactinium is Pa. Protactinium is a chemical element with symbol Pa and atomic number 91.

Protactinium is a chemical element with the symbol Pa and atomic number 91. Protactinium is the 91 element on the periodic table. It is located in group null and period 7 in the modern periodic table.

The atomic number of Protactinium is 91.

Protactinium is of Silver color.

The element Protactinium was discovered by O. H. Göhring and K. Fajans in year 1913 in Germany and United Kingdom. Protactinium was first isolated by A. von Grosse in 1927.

Protactinium has 5 valence electrons. Protactinium has 91 electrons out of which 5 valence electrons are present in the 5f2 6d1 7s2 outer orbitals of atom.

Melting Point of Protactinium is 1845 K.

Boiling Point of Protactinium is 4273 K.

Melting Point of Protactinium in Kelvin is 1845 K.

Boiling Point of Protactinium in Kelvin is 4273 K.

Melting Point of Protactinium in Celsius is 1571.85 °C.

Boiling Point of Protactinium in Celsius is 3999.85 °C.

Melting Point of Protactinium in Fahrenheit is 2861.33 °F.

Boiling Point of Protactinium in Fahrenheit is 7231.73 °F.

The electronic configuration of Protactinium will be 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6 5f2 6d1 7s2.

The electronic configuration of Protactinium will be 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6 5f2 6d1 7s2.