Co - Cobalt

27
Co
Cobalt

Cobalt Element Information, Facts, Properties, Trends, Uses, Comparison with other elements

Element 27 of Periodic table is Cobalt with atomic number 27, atomic weight 58.9332. Cobalt, symbol Co, has a Simple Hexagonal structure and Gray color. Cobalt is a Transition Metal element. It is part of group 9 (cobalt family). Know everything about Cobalt Facts, Physical Properties, Chemical Properties, Electronic configuration, Atomic and Crystal Structure.
27 Co - Cobalt | SchoolMyKids

Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27. Like nickel, cobalt in the Earth's crust is found only in chemically combined form, save for small deposits found in alloys of natural meteoric iron. The free element, produced by reductive smelting, is a hard, lustrous, silver-gray metal.

It belongs to group 9 of the periodic table having trivial name null. You can also download Printable Periodic Table of Elements Flashcards for Cobalt in a PDF format.

Cobalt Facts

Read key information and facts about element Cobalt

NameCobalt
Atomic Number27
Atomic SymbolCo
Atomic Weight58.9332
PhaseSolid
ColorGray
Appearancehard lustrous gray metal
ClassificationTransition Metal
Natural OccurancePrimordial
Group in Periodic Table9
Group Namecobalt family
Period in Periodic Tableperiod 4
Block in Periodic Tabled-block
Electronic Configuration[Ar] 3d7 4s2
Electronic Shell Structure (Electrons per shell)2, 8, 15, 2
Melting Point1768 K
Boiling Point3200 K
CAS NumberCAS7440-48-4
Neighborhood Elements
123456789101112131415161718
1
1
H
Hydrogen
1.008

Atomic #

Electronic Shell #

Symbol
Name
Atomic Weight
HGas
HgLiquid
CSolid
Metals
Metalloids
NonMetals
Alkali metals
Alkali earth metals
Lanthanoids
Transition metals
Post-transition metals
Other nonmetals
Halogens
Nobel gas
Actinoids
2
He
Helium
4.003
2
3
Li
Lithium
6.941
4
Be
Beryllium
9.012
5
B
Boron
10.811
6
C
Carbon
12.011
7
N
Nitrogen
14.007
8
O
Oxygen
15.999
9
F
Fluorine
18.998
10
Ne
Neon
20.180
3
11
Na
Sodium
22.990
12
Mg
Magnesium
24.305
13
Al
Aluminium
26.982
14
Si
Silicon
28.085
15
P
Phosphorus
30.974
16
S
Sulfur
32.065
17
Cl
Chlorine
35.453
18
Ar
Argon
39.948
4
19
K
Potassium
39.098
20
Ca
Calcium
40.078
21
Sc
Scandium
44.956
22
Ti
Titanium
47.867
23
V
Vanadium
50.941
24
Cr
Chromium
51.996
25
Mn
Manganese
54.938
26
Fe
Iron
55.845
27
Co
Cobalt
58.933
28
Ni
Nickel
58.693
29
Cu
Copper
63.546
30
Zn
Zinc
65.409
31
Ga
Gallium
69.723
32
Ge
Germanium
72.640
33
As
Arsenic
74.922
34
Se
Selenium
78.960
35
Br
Bromine
79.904
36
Kr
Krypton
83.798
5
37
Rb
Rubidium
85.468
38
Sr
Strontium
87.620
39
Y
Yttrium
88.906
40
Zr
Zirconium
91.224
41
Nb
Niobium
92.906
42
Mo
Molybdenum
95.940
43
Tc
Technetium
98
44
Ru
Ruthenium
101.070
45
Rh
Rhodium
102.906
46
Pd
Palladium
106.420
47
Ag
Silver
107.868
48
Cd
Cadmium
112.411
49
In
Indium
114.818
50
Sn
Tin
118.710
51
Sb
Antimony
121.760
52
Te
Tellurium
127.600
53
I
Iodine
126.904
54
Xe
Xenon
131.293
6
55
Cs
Cesium
132.905
56
Ba
Barium
137.327
57 - 71
La - Lu
Lanthanides
72
Hf
Hafnium
178.490
73
Ta
Tantalum
180.948
74
W
Tungsten
183.840
75
Re
Rhenium
186.207
76
Os
Osmium
190.230
77
Ir
Iridium
192.217
78
Pt
Platinum
195.078
79
Au
Gold
196.967
80
Hg
Mercury
200.590
81
Tl
Thallium
204.383
82
Pb
Lead
207.200
83
Bi
Bismuth
208.980
84
Po
Polonium
209
85
At
Astatine
210
86
Rn
Radon
222
7
87
Fr
Francium
223
88
Ra
Radium
226
89 - 103
Ac - Lr
Actinides
104
Rf
Rutherfordium
261
105
Db
Dubnium
262
106
Sg
Seaborgium
266
107
Bh
Bohrium
264
108
Hs
Hassium
269
109
Mt
Meitnerium
268
110
Ds
Darmstadtium
281
111
Rg
Roentgenium
272
112
Cn
Copernicium
285
113
Nh
Nihonium
284
114
Fl
Flerovium
289
115
Mc
Moscovium
288
116
Lv
Livermorium
292
117
Ts
Tennessine
294
118
Og
Oganesson
294
Lanthanides
57
La
Lanthanum
138.905
58
Ce
Cerium
140.116
59
Pr
Praseodymium
140.908
60
Nd
Neodymium
144.240
61
Pm
Promethium
145
62
Sm
Samarium
150.360
63
Eu
Europium
151.964
64
Gd
Gadolinium
157.250
65
Tb
Terbium
158.925
66
Dy
Dysprosium
162.500
67
Ho
Holmium
164.930
68
Er
Erbium
167.259
69
Tm
Thulium
168.934
70
Yb
Ytterbium
173.040
71
Lu
Lutetium
174.967
Actinides
89
Ac
Actinium
227
90
Th
Thorium
232.038
91
Pa
Protactinium
231.036
92
U
Uranium
238.029
93
Np
Neptunium
237
94
Pu
Plutonium
244
95
Am
Americium
243
96
Cm
Curium
247
97
Bk
Berkelium
247
98
Cf
Californium
251
99
Es
Einsteinium
252
100
Fm
Fermium
257
101
Md
Mendelevium
258
102
No
Nobelium
259
103
Lr
Lawrencium
262

How to Locate Cobalt on Periodic Table

Periodic table is arranged by atomic number, number of protons in the nucleus which is same as number of electrons. The atomic number increases from left to right. Periodic table starts at top left ( Atomic number 1) and ends at bottom right (atomic number 118). Therefore you can directly look for atomic number 27 to find Cobalt on periodic table.

Another way to read periodic table and locate an element is by using group number (column) and period number (row). To locate Cobalt on periodic table look for cross section of group 9 and period 4 in the modern periodic table.

Cobalt History

The element Cobalt was discovered by G. Brandt in year 1735 in Sweden. Cobalt was first isolated by G. Brandt in 1735. Cobalt derived its name from the German word Kobold, meaning 'goblin'.

Discovered By G. Brandt
Discovery Date 1735 in Sweden
First Isolation 1735
Isolated by G. Brandt

Proved that the blue color of glass is due to a new kind of metal and not bismuth as thought previously.

Cobalt Uses

Cobalt is used mostly as a cancer treatment and in radiotherapy. Cobalt metal is sometimes used in electroplating due to its attractive appearance, hardness, and resistance to corrosion.

Cobalt Presence: Abundance in Nature and Around Us

The table below shows the abundance of Cobalt in Universe, Sun, Meteorites, Earth's Crust, Oceans and Human Body.

 ppb by weight (1ppb =10^-7 %)ppb by atoms (1ppb =10^-7 %)
Abundance in Universe300060
Abundance in Sun400070
Abundance in Meteorites600000200000
Abundance in Earth's Crust3000010000
Abundance in Oceans0.080.008
Abundance in Humans202

Crystal Structure of Cobalt

The solid state structure of Cobalt is Simple Hexagonal.

The Crystal structure can be described in terms of its unit Cell. The unit Cells repeats itself in three dimensional space to form the structure.

Unit Cell Parameters

The unit cell is represented in terms of its lattice parameters, which are the lengths of the cell edges Lattice Constants (a, b and c)

abc
250.71 pm250.71 pm406.95 pm

and the angles between them Lattice Angles (alpha, beta and gamma).

alphabetagamma
π/2 π/2 2 π/3

The positions of the atoms inside the unit cell are described by the set of atomic positions ( xi, yi, zi) measured from a reference lattice point.

The symmetry properties of the crystal are described by the concept of space groups. All possible symmetric arrangements of particles in three-dimensional space are described by the 230 space groups (219 distinct types, or 230 if chiral copies are considered distinct.

Space Group NameP63/mmc
Space Group Number194
Crystal StructureSimple Hexagonal
Number of atoms per unit cell
27 Co Cobalt - Crystal Structure | SchoolMyKids

The number of atoms per unit cell in a simple cubic, face-centered cubic and body-centred cubic are 1,4,2 respectively.

Cobalt Atomic and Orbital Properties

Cobalt atoms have 27 electrons and the electronic shell structure is [2, 8, 15, 2] with Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) 4F9/2.

Atomic Number27
Number of Electrons (with no charge)27
Number of Protons27
Mass Number59
Number of Neutrons32
Shell structure (Electrons per energy level)2, 8, 15, 2
Electron Configuration[Ar] 3d7 4s2
Valence Electrons3d7 4s2
Valence (Valency)4
Main Oxidation States2, 3
Oxidation States-3, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers)4F9/2

Bohr Atomic Model of Cobalt - Electrons per energy level

27 Co Cobalt Electron Shell Structure | SchoolMyKids
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Ground State Electronic Configuration of Cobalt - neutral Cobalt atom

Abbreviated electronic configuration of Cobalt

The ground state abbreviated electronic configuration of Neutral Cobalt atom is [Ar] 3d7 4s2. The portion of Cobalt configuration that is equivalent to the noble gas of the preceding period, is abbreviated as [Ar]. For atoms with many electrons, this notation can become lengthy and so an abbreviated notation is used. This is important as it is the Valence electrons 3d7 4s2, electrons in the outermost shell that determine the chemical properties of the element.

Unabbreviated electronic configuration of neutral Cobalt

Complete ground state electronic configuration for the Cobalt atom, Unabbreviated electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d7 4s2

Electrons are filled in atomic orbitals as per the order determined by the Aufbau principle, Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s Rule.

As per the Aufbau principle the electrons will occupy the orbitals having lower energies before occupying higher energy orbitals. According to this principle, electrons are filled in the following order: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p…

The Pauli exclusion principle states that a maximum of two electrons, each having opposite spins, can fit in an orbital.

Hund's rule states that every orbital in a given subshell is singly occupied by electrons before a second electron is filled in an orbital.

Electron configuration of Cobalt

Atomic Structure of Cobalt

Cobalt atomic radius is 152 pm, while it's covalent radius is 126 pm.

Atomic Radius Calculated152 pm(1.52 Å)
Atomic Radius Empirical135 pm (1.35 Å)
Atomic Volume6.62 cm3/mol
Covalent Radius126 pm (1.26 Å)
Van der Waals Radius-
Neutron Cross Section37.2
Neutron Mass Absorption 0.021

Spectral Lines of Cobalt - Atomic Spectrum of Cobalt

A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from an excess or deficiency of photons in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies. Spectral lines are often used to identify atoms and molecules.

Spectral lines are the result of interaction between a quantum system and a single photon. A spectral line may be observed either as an emission line or an absorption line.

Spectral lines are highly atom-specific, and can be used to identify the chemical composition of any medium. Several elements, including helium, thallium, and caesium, were discovered by spectroscopic means. They are widely used to determine the physical conditions of stars and other celestial bodies that cannot be analyzed by other means.

Emission spectrum of Cobalt

Emission Spectrum of Cobalt | SchoolMyKids

Absorption spectrum of Cobalt

Absorption Spectrum of Cobalt | SchoolMyKids

Cobalt Chemical Properties: Cobalt Ionization Energies and electron affinity

The electron affinity of Cobalt is 63.7 kJ/mol.

Valence4
Electronegativity1.88
ElectronAffinity63.7 kJ/mol

Ionization Energy of Cobalt

Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom or molecule.in chemistry, this energy is expresed in kilocalories per mole (kcal/mol) or kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol).

Refer to table below for Ionization energies of Cobalt

Ionization energy numberEnthalpy - kJ/mol
1st760.4
2nd1648
3rd3232
4th4950
5th7670
6th9840
7th12440
8th15230
9th17959
10th26570
11th29400
12th32400
13th36600
14th39700
15th42800
16th49396
17th52737
18th134810
19th145170
20th154700
21st167400
22nd178100
23rd189300
24th204500
25th214100
26th920870
27th966023

Cobalt Physical Properties

Refer to below table for Cobalt Physical Properties

Density8.9 g/cm3(when liquid at m.p density is $7.75 g/cm3)
Molar Volume6.62 cm3/mol

Elastic Properties

Young Modulus209
Shear Modulus75 GPa
Bulk Modulus 180 GPa
Poisson Ratio0.31

Hardness of Cobalt - Tests to Measure of Hardness of Element

Mohs Hardness5 MPa
Vickers Hardness1043 MPa
Brinell Hardness700 MPa

Cobalt Electrical Properties

Electrical resistivity measures element's electrical resistance or how strongly it resists electric current.The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm-metre (Ω⋅m). While Electrical conductivity is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity. It represents a element's ability to conduct electric current. The SI unit of electrical conductivity is siemens per metre (S/m).

Cobalt is a conductor of electricity. Refer to table below for the Electrical properties of Cobalt

Electrical conductors Conductor
Electrical Conductivity17000000 S/m
Resistivity6e-8 m Ω
Superconducting Point-

Cobalt Heat and Conduction Properties

Thermal Conductivity100 W/(m K)
Thermal Expansion0.000013 /K

Cobalt Magnetic Properties

Magnetic TypeFerromagnetic
Curie Point1394 K
Mass Magnetic Susceptibility-
Molar Magnetic Susceptibility-
Volume Magnetic Susceptibility-

Optical Properties of Cobalt

Refractive Index-

Acoustic Properties of Cobalt

Speed of Sound4720 m/s

Cobalt Thermal Properties - Enthalpies and thermodynamics

Refer to table below for Thermal properties of Cobalt

Melting Point1768 K(1494.85 °C, 2722.730 °F)
Boiling Point3200 K(2926.85 °C, 5300.330 °F)
Critical Temperature-
Superconducting Point-

Enthalpies of Cobalt

Heat of Fusion16.2 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization375 kJ/mol
Heat of Combustion-

Cobalt Isotopes - Nuclear Properties of Cobalt

Cobalt has 29 isotopes, with between 47 and 75 nucleons. Cobalt has 1 stable naturally occuring isotopes.

Isotopes of Cobalt - Naturally occurring stable Isotopes: 59Co.

IsotopeZNIsotope Mass% AbundanceT halfDecay Mode
47Co272047Synthetic
48Co272148Synthetic
49Co272249Synthetic
50Co272350Synthetic
51Co272451Synthetic
52Co272552Synthetic
53Co272653Synthetic
54Co272754Synthetic
55Co272855Synthetic
56Co272956Synthetic
57Co273057Synthetic
58Co273158Synthetic
59Co273259100%Stable
60Co273360Synthetic
61Co273461Synthetic
62Co273562Synthetic
63Co273663Synthetic
64Co273764Synthetic
65Co273865Synthetic
66Co273966Synthetic
67Co274067Synthetic
68Co274168Synthetic
69Co274269Synthetic
70Co274370Synthetic
71Co274471Synthetic
72Co274572Synthetic
73Co274673Synthetic
74Co274774Synthetic
75Co274875Synthetic

Regulatory and Health - Health and Safety Parameters and Guidelines

The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) identifies hazard class of all dangerous elements/goods/commodities either by its class (or division) number or name. The DOT has divided these materials into nine different categories, known as Hazard Classes.

Flammable solids, self-reactive substances and solid desensitized explosives

NFPA 704 is a Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response. NFPA is a standard maintained by the US based National Fire Protection Association.

The health (blue), flammability (red), and reactivity (yellow) rating all use a numbering scale ranging from 0 to 4. A value of zero means that the element poses no hazard; a rating of four indicates extreme danger.

Autoignition Point-
Flashpoint-

Database Search

List of unique identifiers to search the element in various chemical registry databases

DatabaseIdentifier number
CAS Number - Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)CAS7440-48-4
RTECS NumberRTECSGF8750000
CID Number CID104730
Gmelin Number-
NSC Number-

Compare Cobalt with other elements

Compare Cobalt with Group 9, Period 4 and Transition Metal elements of the periodic table.

Compare Cobalt with all Group 9 elements

Compare Cobalt with all Period 4 elements

Compare Cobalt with all Transition Metal elements

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Find the answers to the most frequently asked questions about Cobalt

The electronic configuration of Cobalt is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d7 4s2.

The abbreviated electronic configuration of Cobalt is [Ar] 3d7 4s2. To form abbreviated notation of electronic configuration, the completely filled subshells are replaced by the noble gas of the preceding period in square brackets.

Symbol of Cobalt is Co. Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27.

Cobalt is a chemical element with the symbol Co and atomic number 27. Cobalt is the 27 element on the periodic table. It is located in group 9 and period 4 in the modern periodic table.

The atomic number of Cobalt is 27.

Cobalt is of Gray color.

The element Cobalt was discovered by G. Brandt in year 1735 in Sweden. Cobalt was first isolated by G. Brandt in 1735.

Cobalt has 4 valence electrons. Cobalt has 27 electrons out of which 4 valence electrons are present in the 3d7 4s2 outer orbitals of atom.

Melting Point of Cobalt is 1768 K.

Boiling Point of Cobalt is 3200 K.

Melting Point of Cobalt in Kelvin is 1768 K.

Boiling Point of Cobalt in Kelvin is 3200 K.

Melting Point of Cobalt in Celsius is 1494.85 °C.

Boiling Point of Cobalt in Celsius is 2926.85 °C.

Melting Point of Cobalt in Fahrenheit is 2722.73 °F.

Boiling Point of Cobalt in Fahrenheit is 5300.33 °F.

The electronic configuration of Cobalt will be 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d7 4s2.

The electronic configuration of Cobalt will be 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d7 4s2.