V - Vanadium

23
V
Vanadium

Vanadium Element Information, Facts, Properties, Trends, Uses, Comparison with other elements

Element 23 of Periodic table is Vanadium with atomic number 23, atomic weight 50.9415. Vanadium, symbol V, has a Body Centered Cubic structure and Silver color. Vanadium is a Transition Metal element. It is part of group 5 (vanadium family). Know everything about Vanadium Facts, Physical Properties, Chemical Properties, Electronic configuration, Atomic and Crystal Structure.
23 V - Vanadium | SchoolMyKids

Vanadium is a chemical element with symbol V and atomic number 23. It is a hard, silvery grey, ductile and malleable Transition Metal. The element is found only in chemically combined form in nature, but once isolated artificially, the formation of an oxide layer stabilizes the free metal somewhat against further oxidation.

It belongs to group 5 of the periodic table having trivial name null. You can also download Printable Periodic Table of Elements Flashcards for Vanadium in a PDF format.

Vanadium Facts

Read key information and facts about element Vanadium

NameVanadium
Atomic Number23
Atomic SymbolV
Atomic Weight50.9415
PhaseSolid
ColorSilver
Appearanceblue-silver-grey metal
ClassificationTransition Metal
Natural OccurancePrimordial
Group in Periodic Table5
Group Namevanadium family
Period in Periodic Tableperiod 4
Block in Periodic Tabled-block
Electronic Configuration[Ar] 3d3 4s2
Electronic Shell Structure (Electrons per shell)2, 8, 11, 2
Melting Point2183 K
Boiling Point3680 K
CAS NumberCAS7440-62-2
Neighborhood Elements
123456789101112131415161718
1
1
H
Hydrogen
1.008

Atomic #

Electronic Shell #

Symbol
Name
Atomic Weight
HGas
HgLiquid
CSolid
Metals
Metalloids
NonMetals
Alkali metals
Alkali earth metals
Lanthanoids
Transition metals
Post-transition metals
Other nonmetals
Halogens
Nobel gas
Actinoids
2
He
Helium
4.003
2
3
Li
Lithium
6.941
4
Be
Beryllium
9.012
5
B
Boron
10.811
6
C
Carbon
12.011
7
N
Nitrogen
14.007
8
O
Oxygen
15.999
9
F
Fluorine
18.998
10
Ne
Neon
20.180
3
11
Na
Sodium
22.990
12
Mg
Magnesium
24.305
13
Al
Aluminium
26.982
14
Si
Silicon
28.085
15
P
Phosphorus
30.974
16
S
Sulfur
32.065
17
Cl
Chlorine
35.453
18
Ar
Argon
39.948
4
19
K
Potassium
39.098
20
Ca
Calcium
40.078
21
Sc
Scandium
44.956
22
Ti
Titanium
47.867
23
V
Vanadium
50.941
24
Cr
Chromium
51.996
25
Mn
Manganese
54.938
26
Fe
Iron
55.845
27
Co
Cobalt
58.933
28
Ni
Nickel
58.693
29
Cu
Copper
63.546
30
Zn
Zinc
65.409
31
Ga
Gallium
69.723
32
Ge
Germanium
72.640
33
As
Arsenic
74.922
34
Se
Selenium
78.960
35
Br
Bromine
79.904
36
Kr
Krypton
83.798
5
37
Rb
Rubidium
85.468
38
Sr
Strontium
87.620
39
Y
Yttrium
88.906
40
Zr
Zirconium
91.224
41
Nb
Niobium
92.906
42
Mo
Molybdenum
95.940
43
Tc
Technetium
98
44
Ru
Ruthenium
101.070
45
Rh
Rhodium
102.906
46
Pd
Palladium
106.420
47
Ag
Silver
107.868
48
Cd
Cadmium
112.411
49
In
Indium
114.818
50
Sn
Tin
118.710
51
Sb
Antimony
121.760
52
Te
Tellurium
127.600
53
I
Iodine
126.904
54
Xe
Xenon
131.293
6
55
Cs
Cesium
132.905
56
Ba
Barium
137.327
57 - 71
La - Lu
Lanthanides
72
Hf
Hafnium
178.490
73
Ta
Tantalum
180.948
74
W
Tungsten
183.840
75
Re
Rhenium
186.207
76
Os
Osmium
190.230
77
Ir
Iridium
192.217
78
Pt
Platinum
195.078
79
Au
Gold
196.967
80
Hg
Mercury
200.590
81
Tl
Thallium
204.383
82
Pb
Lead
207.200
83
Bi
Bismuth
208.980
84
Po
Polonium
209
85
At
Astatine
210
86
Rn
Radon
222
7
87
Fr
Francium
223
88
Ra
Radium
226
89 - 103
Ac - Lr
Actinides
104
Rf
Rutherfordium
261
105
Db
Dubnium
262
106
Sg
Seaborgium
266
107
Bh
Bohrium
264
108
Hs
Hassium
269
109
Mt
Meitnerium
268
110
Ds
Darmstadtium
281
111
Rg
Roentgenium
272
112
Cn
Copernicium
285
113
Nh
Nihonium
284
114
Fl
Flerovium
289
115
Mc
Moscovium
288
116
Lv
Livermorium
292
117
Ts
Tennessine
294
118
Og
Oganesson
294
Lanthanides
57
La
Lanthanum
138.905
58
Ce
Cerium
140.116
59
Pr
Praseodymium
140.908
60
Nd
Neodymium
144.240
61
Pm
Promethium
145
62
Sm
Samarium
150.360
63
Eu
Europium
151.964
64
Gd
Gadolinium
157.250
65
Tb
Terbium
158.925
66
Dy
Dysprosium
162.500
67
Ho
Holmium
164.930
68
Er
Erbium
167.259
69
Tm
Thulium
168.934
70
Yb
Ytterbium
173.040
71
Lu
Lutetium
174.967
Actinides
89
Ac
Actinium
227
90
Th
Thorium
232.038
91
Pa
Protactinium
231.036
92
U
Uranium
238.029
93
Np
Neptunium
237
94
Pu
Plutonium
244
95
Am
Americium
243
96
Cm
Curium
247
97
Bk
Berkelium
247
98
Cf
Californium
251
99
Es
Einsteinium
252
100
Fm
Fermium
257
101
Md
Mendelevium
258
102
No
Nobelium
259
103
Lr
Lawrencium
262

How to Locate Vanadium on Periodic Table

Periodic table is arranged by atomic number, number of protons in the nucleus which is same as number of electrons. The atomic number increases from left to right. Periodic table starts at top left ( Atomic number 1) and ends at bottom right (atomic number 118). Therefore you can directly look for atomic number 23 to find Vanadium on periodic table.

Another way to read periodic table and locate an element is by using group number (column) and period number (row). To locate Vanadium on periodic table look for cross section of group 5 and period 4 in the modern periodic table.

Vanadium History

The element Vanadium was discovered by M. del Río in year 1801 in Mexico and Sweden. Vanadium was first isolated by N.G.Sefström in 1830. Vanadium derived its name from Vanadis, an Old Norse name for the Scandinavian goddess Freyja.

Discovered By M. del Río
Discovery Date 1801 in Mexico and Sweden
First Isolation 1830
Isolated by N.G.Sefström

Río found the metal in vanadinite but retracted the claim after Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotilsdisputed it. Sefström isolated and named it, and later it was shown that Río had been right in the first place.

Vanadium Uses

Vanadium is used in jet engines and aircraft components. All of its uses require it to be mixed with another metal or element, such as Vanadium-gallium tape used in magnets. About 80% of the vanadium created is used as a steel additive to produce a tough alloy.

Vanadium Presence: Abundance in Nature and Around Us

The table below shows the abundance of Vanadium in Universe, Sun, Meteorites, Earth's Crust, Oceans and Human Body.

 ppb by weight (1ppb =10^-7 %)ppb by atoms (1ppb =10^-7 %)
Abundance in Universe100020
Abundance in Sun4009
Abundance in Meteorites6200023000
Abundance in Earth's Crust19000075000
Abundance in Oceans1.50.18
Abundance in Humans304

Crystal Structure of Vanadium

The solid state structure of Vanadium is Body Centered Cubic.

The Crystal structure can be described in terms of its unit Cell. The unit Cells repeats itself in three dimensional space to form the structure.

Unit Cell Parameters

The unit cell is represented in terms of its lattice parameters, which are the lengths of the cell edges Lattice Constants (a, b and c)

abc
303 pm303 pm303 pm

and the angles between them Lattice Angles (alpha, beta and gamma).

alphabetagamma
π/2 π/2 π/2

The positions of the atoms inside the unit cell are described by the set of atomic positions ( xi, yi, zi) measured from a reference lattice point.

The symmetry properties of the crystal are described by the concept of space groups. All possible symmetric arrangements of particles in three-dimensional space are described by the 230 space groups (219 distinct types, or 230 if chiral copies are considered distinct.

Space Group NameIm_ 3m
Space Group Number229
Crystal StructureBody Centered Cubic
Number of atoms per unit cell2
23 V Vanadium - Crystal Structure | SchoolMyKids

The number of atoms per unit cell in a simple cubic, face-centered cubic and body-centred cubic are 1,4,2 respectively.

Vanadium Atomic and Orbital Properties

Vanadium atoms have 23 electrons and the electronic shell structure is [2, 8, 11, 2] with Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) 4F3/2.

Atomic Number23
Number of Electrons (with no charge)23
Number of Protons23
Mass Number51
Number of Neutrons28
Shell structure (Electrons per energy level)2, 8, 11, 2
Electron Configuration[Ar] 3d3 4s2
Valence Electrons3d3 4s2
Valence (Valency)5
Main Oxidation States2, 3, 4, 5
Oxidation States-3, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers)4F3/2

Bohr Atomic Model of Vanadium - Electrons per energy level

23 V Vanadium Electron Shell Structure | SchoolMyKids
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Ground State Electronic Configuration of Vanadium - neutral Vanadium atom

Abbreviated electronic configuration of Vanadium

The ground state abbreviated electronic configuration of Neutral Vanadium atom is [Ar] 3d3 4s2. The portion of Vanadium configuration that is equivalent to the noble gas of the preceding period, is abbreviated as [Ar]. For atoms with many electrons, this notation can become lengthy and so an abbreviated notation is used. This is important as it is the Valence electrons 3d3 4s2, electrons in the outermost shell that determine the chemical properties of the element.

Unabbreviated electronic configuration of neutral Vanadium

Complete ground state electronic configuration for the Vanadium atom, Unabbreviated electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2

Electrons are filled in atomic orbitals as per the order determined by the Aufbau principle, Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s Rule.

As per the Aufbau principle the electrons will occupy the orbitals having lower energies before occupying higher energy orbitals. According to this principle, electrons are filled in the following order: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p…

The Pauli exclusion principle states that a maximum of two electrons, each having opposite spins, can fit in an orbital.

Hund's rule states that every orbital in a given subshell is singly occupied by electrons before a second electron is filled in an orbital.

Electron configuration of Vanadium

Atomic Structure of Vanadium

Vanadium atomic radius is 171 pm, while it's covalent radius is 125 pm.

Atomic Radius Calculated171 pm(1.71 Å)
Atomic Radius Empirical135 pm (1.35 Å)
Atomic Volume8.3374 cm3/mol
Covalent Radius125 pm (1.25 Å)
Van der Waals Radius-
Neutron Cross Section5.06
Neutron Mass Absorption 0.0033

Spectral Lines of Vanadium - Atomic Spectrum of Vanadium

A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from an excess or deficiency of photons in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies. Spectral lines are often used to identify atoms and molecules.

Spectral lines are the result of interaction between a quantum system and a single photon. A spectral line may be observed either as an emission line or an absorption line.

Spectral lines are highly atom-specific, and can be used to identify the chemical composition of any medium. Several elements, including helium, thallium, and caesium, were discovered by spectroscopic means. They are widely used to determine the physical conditions of stars and other celestial bodies that cannot be analyzed by other means.

Emission spectrum of Vanadium

Emission Spectrum of Vanadium | SchoolMyKids

Absorption spectrum of Vanadium

Absorption Spectrum of Vanadium | SchoolMyKids

Vanadium Chemical Properties: Vanadium Ionization Energies and electron affinity

The electron affinity of Vanadium is 50.6 kJ/mol.

Valence5
Electronegativity1.63
ElectronAffinity50.6 kJ/mol

Ionization Energy of Vanadium

Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom or molecule.in chemistry, this energy is expresed in kilocalories per mole (kcal/mol) or kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol).

Refer to table below for Ionization energies of Vanadium

Ionization energy numberEnthalpy - kJ/mol
1st650.9
2nd1414
3rd2830
4th4507
5th6298.7
6th12363
7th14530
8th16730
9th19860
10th22240
11th24670
12th29730
13th32446
14th86450
15th94170
16th102300
17th112700
18th121600
19th130700
20th143400
21st151440
22nd661050
23rd699144

Vanadium Physical Properties

Refer to below table for Vanadium Physical Properties

Density6.11 g/cm3(when liquid at m.p density is $5.5 g/cm3)
Molar Volume8.3374 cm3/mol

Elastic Properties

Young Modulus128
Shear Modulus47 GPa
Bulk Modulus 160 GPa
Poisson Ratio0.37

Hardness of Vanadium - Tests to Measure of Hardness of Element

Mohs Hardness7 MPa
Vickers Hardness628 MPa
Brinell Hardness628 MPa

Vanadium Electrical Properties

Electrical resistivity measures element's electrical resistance or how strongly it resists electric current.The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm-metre (Ω⋅m). While Electrical conductivity is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity. It represents a element's ability to conduct electric current. The SI unit of electrical conductivity is siemens per metre (S/m).

Vanadium is a conductor of electricity. Refer to table below for the Electrical properties of Vanadium

Electrical conductors Conductor
Electrical Conductivity5000000 S/m
Resistivity2e-7 m Ω
Superconducting Point5.4

Vanadium Heat and Conduction Properties

Thermal Conductivity31 W/(m K)
Thermal Expansion0.0000084 /K

Vanadium Magnetic Properties

Magnetic TypeParamagnetic
Curie Point-
Mass Magnetic Susceptibility6.28e-8 m3/kg
Molar Magnetic Susceptibility3.199e-9 m3/mol
Volume Magnetic Susceptibility0.0003837

Optical Properties of Vanadium

Refractive Index-

Acoustic Properties of Vanadium

Speed of Sound4560 m/s

Vanadium Thermal Properties - Enthalpies and thermodynamics

Refer to table below for Thermal properties of Vanadium

Melting Point2183 K(1909.85 °C, 3469.730 °F)
Boiling Point3680 K(3406.85 °C, 6164.330 °F)
Critical Temperature-
Superconducting Point5.4

Enthalpies of Vanadium

Heat of Fusion22.8 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization453 kJ/mol
Heat of Combustion-

Vanadium Isotopes - Nuclear Properties of Vanadium

Vanadium has 26 isotopes, with between 40 and 65 nucleons. Vanadium has 1 stable naturally occuring isotopes.

Isotopes of Vanadium - Naturally occurring stable Isotopes: 51V.

IsotopeZNIsotope Mass% AbundanceT halfDecay Mode
40V231740Synthetic
41V231841Synthetic
42V231942Synthetic
43V232043Synthetic
44V232144Synthetic
45V232245Synthetic
46V232346Synthetic
47V232447Synthetic
48V232548Synthetic
49V232649Synthetic
50V2327500.25%StableN/A
51V23285199.75%Stable
52V232952Synthetic
53V233053Synthetic
54V233154Synthetic
55V233255Synthetic
56V233356Synthetic
57V233457Synthetic
58V233558Synthetic
59V233659Synthetic
60V233760Synthetic
61V233861Synthetic
62V233962Synthetic
63V234063Synthetic
64V234164Synthetic
65V234265Synthetic

Regulatory and Health - Health and Safety Parameters and Guidelines

The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) identifies hazard class of all dangerous elements/goods/commodities either by its class (or division) number or name. The DOT has divided these materials into nine different categories, known as Hazard Classes.

Flammable solids, self-reactive substances and solid desensitized explosives

NFPA 704 is a Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response. NFPA is a standard maintained by the US based National Fire Protection Association.

The health (blue), flammability (red), and reactivity (yellow) rating all use a numbering scale ranging from 0 to 4. A value of zero means that the element poses no hazard; a rating of four indicates extreme danger.

NFPA Fire Rating1Flash Points Above 93.3°C (200°F)
NFPA Health Rating2 Flash Points Above 37.8°C (100°F) not exceeding 93.3°C (200°F)
NFPA Reactivity Rating0 Will not burn
NFPA Hazards
Autoignition Point-
Flashpoint-

Database Search

List of unique identifiers to search the element in various chemical registry databases

DatabaseIdentifier number
CAS Number - Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)CAS7440-62-2
RTECS Number-
CID Number CID23990
Gmelin Number-
NSC Number-

Compare Vanadium with other elements

Compare Vanadium with Group 5, Period 4 and Transition Metal elements of the periodic table.

Compare Vanadium with all Group 5 elements

Compare Vanadium with all Period 4 elements

Compare Vanadium with all Transition Metal elements

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Find the answers to the most frequently asked questions about Vanadium

The electronic configuration of Vanadium is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2.

The abbreviated electronic configuration of Vanadium is [Ar] 3d3 4s2. To form abbreviated notation of electronic configuration, the completely filled subshells are replaced by the noble gas of the preceding period in square brackets.

Symbol of Vanadium is V. Vanadium is a chemical element with symbol V and atomic number 23.

Vanadium is a chemical element with the symbol V and atomic number 23. Vanadium is the 23 element on the periodic table. It is located in group 5 and period 4 in the modern periodic table.

The atomic number of Vanadium is 23.

Vanadium is of Silver color.

The element Vanadium was discovered by M. del Río in year 1801 in Mexico and Sweden. Vanadium was first isolated by N.G.Sefström in 1830.

Vanadium has 5 valence electrons. Vanadium has 23 electrons out of which 5 valence electrons are present in the 3d3 4s2 outer orbitals of atom.

Melting Point of Vanadium is 2183 K.

Boiling Point of Vanadium is 3680 K.

Melting Point of Vanadium in Kelvin is 2183 K.

Boiling Point of Vanadium in Kelvin is 3680 K.

Melting Point of Vanadium in Celsius is 1909.85 °C.

Boiling Point of Vanadium in Celsius is 3406.85 °C.

Melting Point of Vanadium in Fahrenheit is 3469.73 °F.

Boiling Point of Vanadium in Fahrenheit is 6164.33 °F.

The electronic configuration of Vanadium will be 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2.

The electronic configuration of Vanadium will be 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2.