Au - Gold

79
Au
Gold

Gold Element Information, Facts, Properties, Trends, Uses, Comparison with other elements

Element 79 of Periodic table is Gold with atomic number 79, atomic weight 196.96655. Gold, symbol Au, has a Face Centered Cubic structure and Gold color. Gold is a Transition Metal element. It is part of group 11 (copper family). Know everything about Gold Facts, Physical Properties, Chemical Properties, Electronic configuration, Atomic and Crystal Structure.
79 Au - Gold | SchoolMyKids

Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au (from Latin:aurum) and atomic number 79. In its purest form, it is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a Transition Metal and a group 11 element.

It belongs to group 11 of the periodic table having trivial name coinage metals. You can also download Printable Periodic Table of Elements Flashcards for Gold in a PDF format.

Gold Facts

Read key information and facts about element Gold

NameGold
Atomic Number79
Atomic SymbolAu
Atomic Weight196.96655
PhaseSolid
ColorGold
Appearancemetallic yellow
ClassificationTransition Metal
Natural OccurancePrimordial
Group in Periodic Table11
Group Namecopper family
Period in Periodic Tableperiod 6
Block in Periodic Tabled-block
Electronic Configuration[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
Electronic Shell Structure (Electrons per shell)2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1
Melting Point1337.33 K
Boiling Point3129 K
CAS NumberCAS7440-57-5
123456789101112131415161718
1
1
H
Hydrogen
1.008

Atomic #

Electronic Shell #

Symbol
Name
Atomic Weight
HGas
HgLiquid
CSolid
Metals
Metalloids
NonMetals
Alkali metals
Alkali earth metals
Lanthanoids
Transition metals
Post-transition metals
Other nonmetals
Halogens
Nobel gas
Actinoids
2
He
Helium
4.003
2
3
Li
Lithium
6.941
4
Be
Beryllium
9.012
5
B
Boron
10.811
6
C
Carbon
12.011
7
N
Nitrogen
14.007
8
O
Oxygen
15.999
9
F
Fluorine
18.998
10
Ne
Neon
20.180
3
11
Na
Sodium
22.990
12
Mg
Magnesium
24.305
13
Al
Aluminium
26.982
14
Si
Silicon
28.085
15
P
Phosphorus
30.974
16
S
Sulfur
32.065
17
Cl
Chlorine
35.453
18
Ar
Argon
39.948
4
19
K
Potassium
39.098
20
Ca
Calcium
40.078
21
Sc
Scandium
44.956
22
Ti
Titanium
47.867
23
V
Vanadium
50.941
24
Cr
Chromium
51.996
25
Mn
Manganese
54.938
26
Fe
Iron
55.845
27
Co
Cobalt
58.933
28
Ni
Nickel
58.693
29
Cu
Copper
63.546
30
Zn
Zinc
65.409
31
Ga
Gallium
69.723
32
Ge
Germanium
72.640
33
As
Arsenic
74.922
34
Se
Selenium
78.960
35
Br
Bromine
79.904
36
Kr
Krypton
83.798
5
37
Rb
Rubidium
85.468
38
Sr
Strontium
87.620
39
Y
Yttrium
88.906
40
Zr
Zirconium
91.224
41
Nb
Niobium
92.906
42
Mo
Molybdenum
95.940
43
Tc
Technetium
98
44
Ru
Ruthenium
101.070
45
Rh
Rhodium
102.906
46
Pd
Palladium
106.420
47
Ag
Silver
107.868
48
Cd
Cadmium
112.411
49
In
Indium
114.818
50
Sn
Tin
118.710
51
Sb
Antimony
121.760
52
Te
Tellurium
127.600
53
I
Iodine
126.904
54
Xe
Xenon
131.293
6
55
Cs
Cesium
132.905
56
Ba
Barium
137.327
57 - 71
La - Lu
Lanthanides
72
Hf
Hafnium
178.490
73
Ta
Tantalum
180.948
74
W
Tungsten
183.840
75
Re
Rhenium
186.207
76
Os
Osmium
190.230
77
Ir
Iridium
192.217
78
Pt
Platinum
195.078
79
Au
Gold
196.967
80
Hg
Mercury
200.590
81
Tl
Thallium
204.383
82
Pb
Lead
207.200
83
Bi
Bismuth
208.980
84
Po
Polonium
209
85
At
Astatine
210
86
Rn
Radon
222
7
87
Fr
Francium
223
88
Ra
Radium
226
89 - 103
Ac - Lr
Actinides
104
Rf
Rutherfordium
261
105
Db
Dubnium
262
106
Sg
Seaborgium
266
107
Bh
Bohrium
264
108
Hs
Hassium
269
109
Mt
Meitnerium
268
110
Ds
Darmstadtium
281
111
Rg
Roentgenium
272
112
Cn
Copernicium
285
113
Nh
Nihonium
284
114
Fl
Flerovium
289
115
Mc
Moscovium
288
116
Lv
Livermorium
292
117
Ts
Tennessine
294
118
Og
Oganesson
294
Lanthanides
57
La
Lanthanum
138.905
58
Ce
Cerium
140.116
59
Pr
Praseodymium
140.908
60
Nd
Neodymium
144.240
61
Pm
Promethium
145
62
Sm
Samarium
150.360
63
Eu
Europium
151.964
64
Gd
Gadolinium
157.250
65
Tb
Terbium
158.925
66
Dy
Dysprosium
162.500
67
Ho
Holmium
164.930
68
Er
Erbium
167.259
69
Tm
Thulium
168.934
70
Yb
Ytterbium
173.040
71
Lu
Lutetium
174.967
Actinides
89
Ac
Actinium
227
90
Th
Thorium
232.038
91
Pa
Protactinium
231.036
92
U
Uranium
238.029
93
Np
Neptunium
237
94
Pu
Plutonium
244
95
Am
Americium
243
96
Cm
Curium
247
97
Bk
Berkelium
247
98
Cf
Californium
251
99
Es
Einsteinium
252
100
Fm
Fermium
257
101
Md
Mendelevium
258
102
No
Nobelium
259
103
Lr
Lawrencium
262

How to Locate Gold on Periodic Table

Periodic table is arranged by atomic number, number of protons in the nucleus which is same as number of electrons. The atomic number increases from left to right. Periodic table starts at top left ( Atomic number 1) and ends at bottom right (atomic number 118). Therefore you can directly look for atomic number 79 to find Gold on periodic table.

Another way to read periodic table and locate an element is by using group number (column) and period number (row). To locate Gold on periodic table look for cross section of group 11 and period 6 in the modern periodic table.

Gold History

The element Gold was discovered by Bulgaria in year Before 6000 BCE . Gold was first isolated by Varna Necropolis in ca. 4400 BCE. Gold derived its name from English word (aurum in Latin).

Discovered By Bulgaria
Discovery Date Before 6000 BCE
First Isolation
Isolated by

The oldest golden treasure in the world, dating from 4,600 BC to 4,200 BC, was discovered at the burial site Varna Necropolis.

Gold Uses

Gold is one of the most coveted metals in the world, because it can be easily shaped and sculpted, conducts electricity well, and does not corrode. Aside from its use in coinage and jewelry, it is used in gears for watches, artificial limb joints, and electrical connectors. Gold nanoparticles are used as industrial catalysts.

Gold Presence: Abundance in Nature and Around Us

The table below shows the abundance of Gold in Universe, Sun, Meteorites, Earth's Crust, Oceans and Human Body.

 ppb by weight (1ppb =10^-7 %)ppb by atoms (1ppb =10^-7 %)
Abundance in Universe0.60.004
Abundance in Sun10.01
Abundance in Meteorites17020
Abundance in Earth's Crust3.10.3
Abundance in Oceans0.050.0016
Abundance in Humans1003

Crystal Structure of Gold

The solid state structure of Gold is Face Centered Cubic.

The Crystal structure can be described in terms of its unit Cell. The unit Cells repeats itself in three dimensional space to form the structure.

Unit Cell Parameters

The unit cell is represented in terms of its lattice parameters, which are the lengths of the cell edges Lattice Constants (a, b and c)

abc
407.82 pm407.82 pm407.82 pm

and the angles between them Lattice Angles (alpha, beta and gamma).

alphabetagamma
π/2 π/2 π/2

The positions of the atoms inside the unit cell are described by the set of atomic positions ( xi, yi, zi) measured from a reference lattice point.

The symmetry properties of the crystal are described by the concept of space groups. All possible symmetric arrangements of particles in three-dimensional space are described by the 230 space groups (219 distinct types, or 230 if chiral copies are considered distinct.

Space Group NameFm_ 3m
Space Group Number225
Crystal StructureFace Centered Cubic
Number of atoms per unit cell4
79 Au Gold - Crystal Structure | SchoolMyKids

The number of atoms per unit cell in a simple cubic, face-centered cubic and body-centred cubic are 1,4,2 respectively.

Gold Atomic and Orbital Properties

Gold atoms have 79 electrons and the electronic shell structure is [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1] with Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) 2S1/2.

Atomic Number79
Number of Electrons (with no charge)79
Number of Protons79
Mass Number197
Number of Neutrons118
Shell structure (Electrons per energy level)2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
Valence Electrons5d10 6s1
Valence (Valency)5
Main Oxidation States1, 3
Oxidation States-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 5
Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers)2S1/2

Bohr Atomic Model of Gold - Electrons per energy level

79 Au Gold Electron Shell Structure | SchoolMyKids
nspdf

Ground State Electronic Configuration of Gold - neutral Gold atom

Abbreviated electronic configuration of Gold

The ground state abbreviated electronic configuration of Neutral Gold atom is [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1. The portion of Gold configuration that is equivalent to the noble gas of the preceding period, is abbreviated as [Xe]. For atoms with many electrons, this notation can become lengthy and so an abbreviated notation is used. This is important as it is the Valence electrons 5d10 6s1, electrons in the outermost shell that determine the chemical properties of the element.

Unabbreviated electronic configuration of neutral Gold

Complete ground state electronic configuration for the Gold atom, Unabbreviated electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 4f14 5d10 6s1

Electrons are filled in atomic orbitals as per the order determined by the Aufbau principle, Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s Rule.

As per the Aufbau principle the electrons will occupy the orbitals having lower energies before occupying higher energy orbitals. According to this principle, electrons are filled in the following order: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p…

The Pauli exclusion principle states that a maximum of two electrons, each having opposite spins, can fit in an orbital.

Hund's rule states that every orbital in a given subshell is singly occupied by electrons before a second electron is filled in an orbital.

Electron configuration of Gold

Atomic Structure of Gold

Gold atomic radius is 174 pm, while it's covalent radius is 144 pm.

Atomic Radius Calculated174 pm(1.74 Å)
Atomic Radius Empirical135 pm (1.35 Å)
Atomic Volume10.21 cm3/mol
Covalent Radius144 pm (1.44 Å)
Van der Waals Radius166 pm
Neutron Cross Section98.7
Neutron Mass Absorption 0.017

Spectral Lines of Gold - Atomic Spectrum of Gold

A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from an excess or deficiency of photons in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies. Spectral lines are often used to identify atoms and molecules.

Spectral lines are the result of interaction between a quantum system and a single photon. A spectral line may be observed either as an emission line or an absorption line.

Spectral lines are highly atom-specific, and can be used to identify the chemical composition of any medium. Several elements, including helium, thallium, and caesium, were discovered by spectroscopic means. They are widely used to determine the physical conditions of stars and other celestial bodies that cannot be analyzed by other means.

Emission spectrum of Gold

Emission Spectrum of Gold | SchoolMyKids

Absorption spectrum of Gold

Absorption Spectrum of Gold | SchoolMyKids

Gold Chemical Properties: Gold Ionization Energies and electron affinity

The electron affinity of Gold is 222.8 kJ/mol.

Valence5
Electronegativity2.54
ElectronAffinity222.8 kJ/mol

Ionization Energy of Gold

Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom or molecule.in chemistry, this energy is expresed in kilocalories per mole (kcal/mol) or kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol).

Refer to table below for Ionization energies of Gold

Ionization energy numberEnthalpy - kJ/mol
1st890.1
2nd1980

Gold Physical Properties

Refer to below table for Gold Physical Properties

Density19.3 g/cm3(when liquid at m.p density is $17.31 g/cm3)
Molar Volume10.21 cm3/mol

Elastic Properties

Young Modulus78
Shear Modulus27 GPa
Bulk Modulus 220 GPa
Poisson Ratio0.44

Hardness of Gold - Tests to Measure of Hardness of Element

Mohs Hardness2.5 MPa
Vickers Hardness216 MPa
Brinell Hardness2450 MPa

Gold Electrical Properties

Electrical resistivity measures element's electrical resistance or how strongly it resists electric current.The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm-metre (Ω⋅m). While Electrical conductivity is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity. It represents a element's ability to conduct electric current. The SI unit of electrical conductivity is siemens per metre (S/m).

Gold is a conductor of electricity. Refer to table below for the Electrical properties of Gold

Electrical conductors Conductor
Electrical Conductivity45000000 S/m
Resistivity2.2e-8 m Ω
Superconducting Point-

Gold Heat and Conduction Properties

Thermal Conductivity320 W/(m K)
Thermal Expansion0.0000142 /K

Gold Magnetic Properties

Magnetic TypeDiamagnetic
Curie Point-
Mass Magnetic Susceptibility-1.78e-9 m3/kg
Molar Magnetic Susceptibility-3.51e-10 m3/mol
Volume Magnetic Susceptibility-0.0000344

Optical Properties of Gold

Refractive Index-

Acoustic Properties of Gold

Speed of Sound1740 m/s

Gold Thermal Properties - Enthalpies and thermodynamics

Refer to table below for Thermal properties of Gold

Melting Point1337.33 K(1064.18 °C, 1947.524 °F)
Boiling Point3129 K(2855.85 °C, 5172.530 °F)
Critical Temperature-
Superconducting Point-

Enthalpies of Gold

Heat of Fusion12.5 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization330 kJ/mol
Heat of Combustion-

Gold Isotopes - Nuclear Properties of Gold

Gold has 37 isotopes, with between 169 and 205 nucleons. Gold has 1 stable naturally occuring isotopes.

Isotopes of Gold - Naturally occurring stable Isotopes: 197Au.

IsotopeZNIsotope Mass% AbundanceT halfDecay Mode
169Au7990169Synthetic
170Au7991170Synthetic
171Au7992171Synthetic
172Au7993172Synthetic
173Au7994173Synthetic
174Au7995174Synthetic
175Au7996175Synthetic
176Au7997176Synthetic
177Au7998177Synthetic
178Au7999178Synthetic
179Au79100179Synthetic
180Au79101180Synthetic
181Au79102181Synthetic
182Au79103182Synthetic
183Au79104183Synthetic
184Au79105184Synthetic
185Au79106185Synthetic
186Au79107186Synthetic
187Au79108187Synthetic
188Au79109188Synthetic
189Au79110189Synthetic
190Au79111190Synthetic
191Au79112191Synthetic
192Au79113192Synthetic
193Au79114193Synthetic
194Au79115194Synthetic
195Au79116195Synthetic
196Au79117196Synthetic
197Au79118197100%Stable
198Au79119198Synthetic
199Au79120199Synthetic
200Au79121200Synthetic
201Au79122201Synthetic
202Au79123202Synthetic
203Au79124203Synthetic
204Au79125204Synthetic
205Au79126205Synthetic

Regulatory and Health - Health and Safety Parameters and Guidelines

The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) identifies hazard class of all dangerous elements/goods/commodities either by its class (or division) number or name. The DOT has divided these materials into nine different categories, known as Hazard Classes.

NFPA 704 is a Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response. NFPA is a standard maintained by the US based National Fire Protection Association.

The health (blue), flammability (red), and reactivity (yellow) rating all use a numbering scale ranging from 0 to 4. A value of zero means that the element poses no hazard; a rating of four indicates extreme danger.

NFPA Fire Rating0Will not burn
NFPA Health Rating2 Flash Points Above 37.8°C (100°F) not exceeding 93.3°C (200°F)
NFPA Reactivity Rating0 Will not burn
NFPA Hazards
Autoignition Point-
Flashpoint-

Database Search

List of unique identifiers to search the element in various chemical registry databases

DatabaseIdentifier number
CAS Number - Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)CAS7440-57-5
RTECS NumberRTECSMD5070000
CID Number CID23985
Gmelin Number-
NSC Number-

Compare Gold with other elements

Compare Gold with Group 11, Period 6 and Transition Metal elements of the periodic table.

Compare Gold with all Group 11 elements

Compare Gold with all Period 6 elements

Compare Gold with all Transition Metal elements

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Find the answers to the most frequently asked questions about Gold

The electronic configuration of Gold is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 4f14 5d10 6s1.

The abbreviated electronic configuration of Gold is [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1. To form abbreviated notation of electronic configuration, the completely filled subshells are replaced by the noble gas of the preceding period in square brackets.

Symbol of Gold is Au. Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au and atomic number 79.

Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au and atomic number 79. Gold is the 79 element on the periodic table. It is located in group 11 and period 6 in the modern periodic table.

The atomic number of Gold is 79.

Gold is of Gold color.

The element Gold was discovered by Bulgaria in year Before 6000 BCE . Gold was first isolated by Varna Necropolis in ca. 4400 BCE.

Gold has 5 valence electrons. Gold has 79 electrons out of which 5 valence electrons are present in the 5d10 6s1 outer orbitals of atom.

Melting Point of Gold is 1337.33 K.

Boiling Point of Gold is 3129 K.

Melting Point of Gold in Kelvin is 1337.33 K.

Boiling Point of Gold in Kelvin is 3129 K.

Melting Point of Gold in Celsius is 1064.18 °C.

Boiling Point of Gold in Celsius is 2855.85 °C.

Melting Point of Gold in Fahrenheit is 1947.52 °F.

Boiling Point of Gold in Fahrenheit is 5172.53 °F.

The electronic configuration of Gold will be 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 4f14 5d10 6s1.

The electronic configuration of Gold will be 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 4f14 5d10 6s1.