Pb - Lead

82
Pb
Lead

Lead Element Information, Facts, Properties, Trends, Uses, Comparison with other elements

Element 82 of Periodic table is Lead with atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2. Lead, symbol Pb, has a Face Centered Cubic structure and SlateGray color. Lead is a Post Transition Metal element. It is part of group 14 (carbon family). Know everything about Lead Facts, Physical Properties, Chemical Properties, Electronic configuration, Atomic and Crystal Structure.
82 Pb - Lead | SchoolMyKids

Lead (/lɛd/) is a chemical element in the carbon group with symbol Pb (from Latin:plumbum) and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable and heavy Post Transition Metal. Metallic lead has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed to air.

It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table having trivial name tetrels, crystallogens. You can also download Printable Periodic Table of Elements Flashcards for Lead in a PDF format.

Lead Facts

Read key information and facts about element Lead

NameLead
Atomic Number82
Atomic SymbolPb
Atomic Weight207.2
PhaseSolid
ColorSlateGray
Appearancemetallic gray
ClassificationPost Transition Metal
Natural OccurancePrimordial
Group in Periodic Table14
Group Namecarbon family
Period in Periodic Tableperiod 6
Block in Periodic Tablep-block
Electronic Configuration[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
Electronic Shell Structure (Electrons per shell)2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4
Melting Point600.61 K
Boiling Point2022 K
CAS NumberCAS7439-92-1
123456789101112131415161718
1
1
H
Hydrogen
1.008

Atomic #

Electronic Shell #

Symbol
Name
Atomic Weight
HGas
HgLiquid
CSolid
Metals
Metalloids
NonMetals
Alkali metals
Alkali earth metals
Lanthanoids
Transition metals
Post-transition metals
Other nonmetals
Halogens
Nobel gas
Actinoids
2
He
Helium
4.003
2
3
Li
Lithium
6.941
4
Be
Beryllium
9.012
5
B
Boron
10.811
6
C
Carbon
12.011
7
N
Nitrogen
14.007
8
O
Oxygen
15.999
9
F
Fluorine
18.998
10
Ne
Neon
20.180
3
11
Na
Sodium
22.990
12
Mg
Magnesium
24.305
13
Al
Aluminium
26.982
14
Si
Silicon
28.085
15
P
Phosphorus
30.974
16
S
Sulfur
32.065
17
Cl
Chlorine
35.453
18
Ar
Argon
39.948
4
19
K
Potassium
39.098
20
Ca
Calcium
40.078
21
Sc
Scandium
44.956
22
Ti
Titanium
47.867
23
V
Vanadium
50.941
24
Cr
Chromium
51.996
25
Mn
Manganese
54.938
26
Fe
Iron
55.845
27
Co
Cobalt
58.933
28
Ni
Nickel
58.693
29
Cu
Copper
63.546
30
Zn
Zinc
65.409
31
Ga
Gallium
69.723
32
Ge
Germanium
72.640
33
As
Arsenic
74.922
34
Se
Selenium
78.960
35
Br
Bromine
79.904
36
Kr
Krypton
83.798
5
37
Rb
Rubidium
85.468
38
Sr
Strontium
87.620
39
Y
Yttrium
88.906
40
Zr
Zirconium
91.224
41
Nb
Niobium
92.906
42
Mo
Molybdenum
95.940
43
Tc
Technetium
98
44
Ru
Ruthenium
101.070
45
Rh
Rhodium
102.906
46
Pd
Palladium
106.420
47
Ag
Silver
107.868
48
Cd
Cadmium
112.411
49
In
Indium
114.818
50
Sn
Tin
118.710
51
Sb
Antimony
121.760
52
Te
Tellurium
127.600
53
I
Iodine
126.904
54
Xe
Xenon
131.293
6
55
Cs
Cesium
132.905
56
Ba
Barium
137.327
57 - 71
La - Lu
Lanthanides
72
Hf
Hafnium
178.490
73
Ta
Tantalum
180.948
74
W
Tungsten
183.840
75
Re
Rhenium
186.207
76
Os
Osmium
190.230
77
Ir
Iridium
192.217
78
Pt
Platinum
195.078
79
Au
Gold
196.967
80
Hg
Mercury
200.590
81
Tl
Thallium
204.383
82
Pb
Lead
207.200
83
Bi
Bismuth
208.980
84
Po
Polonium
209
85
At
Astatine
210
86
Rn
Radon
222
7
87
Fr
Francium
223
88
Ra
Radium
226
89 - 103
Ac - Lr
Actinides
104
Rf
Rutherfordium
261
105
Db
Dubnium
262
106
Sg
Seaborgium
266
107
Bh
Bohrium
264
108
Hs
Hassium
269
109
Mt
Meitnerium
268
110
Ds
Darmstadtium
281
111
Rg
Roentgenium
272
112
Cn
Copernicium
285
113
Nh
Nihonium
284
114
Fl
Flerovium
289
115
Mc
Moscovium
288
116
Lv
Livermorium
292
117
Ts
Tennessine
294
118
Og
Oganesson
294
Lanthanides
57
La
Lanthanum
138.905
58
Ce
Cerium
140.116
59
Pr
Praseodymium
140.908
60
Nd
Neodymium
144.240
61
Pm
Promethium
145
62
Sm
Samarium
150.360
63
Eu
Europium
151.964
64
Gd
Gadolinium
157.250
65
Tb
Terbium
158.925
66
Dy
Dysprosium
162.500
67
Ho
Holmium
164.930
68
Er
Erbium
167.259
69
Tm
Thulium
168.934
70
Yb
Ytterbium
173.040
71
Lu
Lutetium
174.967
Actinides
89
Ac
Actinium
227
90
Th
Thorium
232.038
91
Pa
Protactinium
231.036
92
U
Uranium
238.029
93
Np
Neptunium
237
94
Pu
Plutonium
244
95
Am
Americium
243
96
Cm
Curium
247
97
Bk
Berkelium
247
98
Cf
Californium
251
99
Es
Einsteinium
252
100
Fm
Fermium
257
101
Md
Mendelevium
258
102
No
Nobelium
259
103
Lr
Lawrencium
262

How to Locate Lead on Periodic Table

Periodic table is arranged by atomic number, number of protons in the nucleus which is same as number of electrons. The atomic number increases from left to right. Periodic table starts at top left ( Atomic number 1) and ends at bottom right (atomic number 118). Therefore you can directly look for atomic number 82 to find Lead on periodic table.

Another way to read periodic table and locate an element is by using group number (column) and period number (row). To locate Lead on periodic table look for cross section of group 14 and period 6 in the modern periodic table.

Lead History

The element Lead was discovered by Africans in year 7000 BCE . Lead was first isolated by Abydos, Egypt in 3800 BCE. Lead derived its name from English word (plumbum in Latin).

Discovered By Africans
Discovery Date 7000 BCE
First Isolation
Isolated by

It is believed that lead smelting began at least 9,000 years ago, and the oldest known artifact of lead is a statuette found at the temple of Osiris on the site of Abydos dated circa 3800 BCE.

Lead Uses

Many previously usual uses of Lead have now been banned due to its toxic effects. It is still widely used for car batteries, pigments, ammunition, cable sheathing, lead crystal glass, radiation protection, and some solders.

Lead Presence: Abundance in Nature and Around Us

The table below shows the abundance of Lead in Universe, Sun, Meteorites, Earth's Crust, Oceans and Human Body.

 ppb by weight (1ppb =10^-7 %)ppb by atoms (1ppb =10^-7 %)
Abundance in Universe100.06
Abundance in Sun100.07
Abundance in Meteorites1400100
Abundance in Earth's Crust100001000
Abundance in Oceans0.030.00090
Abundance in Humans170050

Crystal Structure of Lead

The solid state structure of Lead is Face Centered Cubic.

The Crystal structure can be described in terms of its unit Cell. The unit Cells repeats itself in three dimensional space to form the structure.

Unit Cell Parameters

The unit cell is represented in terms of its lattice parameters, which are the lengths of the cell edges Lattice Constants (a, b and c)

abc
495.08 pm495.08 pm495.08 pm

and the angles between them Lattice Angles (alpha, beta and gamma).

alphabetagamma
π/2 π/2 π/2

The positions of the atoms inside the unit cell are described by the set of atomic positions ( xi, yi, zi) measured from a reference lattice point.

The symmetry properties of the crystal are described by the concept of space groups. All possible symmetric arrangements of particles in three-dimensional space are described by the 230 space groups (219 distinct types, or 230 if chiral copies are considered distinct.

Space Group NameFm_ 3m
Space Group Number225
Crystal StructureFace Centered Cubic
Number of atoms per unit cell4
82 Pb Lead - Crystal Structure | SchoolMyKids

The number of atoms per unit cell in a simple cubic, face-centered cubic and body-centred cubic are 1,4,2 respectively.

Lead Atomic and Orbital Properties

Lead atoms have 82 electrons and the electronic shell structure is [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4] with Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) 3P0.

Atomic Number82
Number of Electrons (with no charge)82
Number of Protons82
Mass Number207
Number of Neutrons125
Shell structure (Electrons per energy level)2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
Valence Electrons6s2 6p2
Valence (Valency)4
Main Oxidation States2, 4
Oxidation States-4, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers)3P0

Bohr Atomic Model of Lead - Electrons per energy level

82 Pb Lead Electron Shell Structure | SchoolMyKids
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Ground State Electronic Configuration of Lead - neutral Lead atom

Abbreviated electronic configuration of Lead

The ground state abbreviated electronic configuration of Neutral Lead atom is [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2. The portion of Lead configuration that is equivalent to the noble gas of the preceding period, is abbreviated as [Xe]. For atoms with many electrons, this notation can become lengthy and so an abbreviated notation is used. This is important as it is the Valence electrons 6s2 6p2, electrons in the outermost shell that determine the chemical properties of the element.

Unabbreviated electronic configuration of neutral Lead

Complete ground state electronic configuration for the Lead atom, Unabbreviated electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2

Electrons are filled in atomic orbitals as per the order determined by the Aufbau principle, Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s Rule.

As per the Aufbau principle the electrons will occupy the orbitals having lower energies before occupying higher energy orbitals. According to this principle, electrons are filled in the following order: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p…

The Pauli exclusion principle states that a maximum of two electrons, each having opposite spins, can fit in an orbital.

Hund's rule states that every orbital in a given subshell is singly occupied by electrons before a second electron is filled in an orbital.

Electron configuration of Lead

Atomic Structure of Lead

Lead atomic radius is 154 pm, while it's covalent radius is 147 pm.

Atomic Radius Calculated154 pm(1.54 Å)
Atomic Radius Empirical180 pm (1.8 Å)
Atomic Volume18.27 cm3/mol
Covalent Radius147 pm (1.47 Å)
Van der Waals Radius202 pm
Neutron Cross Section0.171
Neutron Mass Absorption 0.00003

Spectral Lines of Lead - Atomic Spectrum of Lead

A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from an excess or deficiency of photons in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies. Spectral lines are often used to identify atoms and molecules.

Spectral lines are the result of interaction between a quantum system and a single photon. A spectral line may be observed either as an emission line or an absorption line.

Spectral lines are highly atom-specific, and can be used to identify the chemical composition of any medium. Several elements, including helium, thallium, and caesium, were discovered by spectroscopic means. They are widely used to determine the physical conditions of stars and other celestial bodies that cannot be analyzed by other means.

Emission spectrum of Lead

Emission Spectrum of Lead | SchoolMyKids

Absorption spectrum of Lead

Absorption Spectrum of Lead | SchoolMyKids

Lead Chemical Properties: Lead Ionization Energies and electron affinity

The electron affinity of Lead is 35.1 kJ/mol.

Valence4
Electronegativity2.33
ElectronAffinity35.1 kJ/mol

Ionization Energy of Lead

Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom or molecule.in chemistry, this energy is expresed in kilocalories per mole (kcal/mol) or kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol).

Refer to table below for Ionization energies of Lead

Ionization energy numberEnthalpy - kJ/mol
1st715.6
2nd1450.5
3rd3081.5
4th4083
5th6640

Lead Physical Properties

Refer to below table for Lead Physical Properties

Density11.34 g/cm3(when liquid at m.p density is $10.66 g/cm3)
Molar Volume18.27 cm3/mol

Elastic Properties

Young Modulus16
Shear Modulus5.6 GPa
Bulk Modulus 46 GPa
Poisson Ratio0.44

Hardness of Lead - Tests to Measure of Hardness of Element

Mohs Hardness1.5 MPa
Vickers Hardness-
Brinell Hardness38.3 MPa

Lead Electrical Properties

Electrical resistivity measures element's electrical resistance or how strongly it resists electric current.The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm-metre (Ω⋅m). While Electrical conductivity is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity. It represents a element's ability to conduct electric current. The SI unit of electrical conductivity is siemens per metre (S/m).

Lead is a conductor of electricity. Refer to table below for the Electrical properties of Lead

Electrical conductors Conductor
Electrical Conductivity4800000 S/m
Resistivity2.1e-7 m Ω
Superconducting Point7.2

Lead Heat and Conduction Properties

Thermal Conductivity35 W/(m K)
Thermal Expansion0.0000289 /K

Lead Magnetic Properties

Magnetic TypeDiamagnetic
Curie Point-
Mass Magnetic Susceptibility-1.5e-9 m3/kg
Molar Magnetic Susceptibility-3.11e-10 m3/mol
Volume Magnetic Susceptibility-0.000017

Optical Properties of Lead

Refractive Index-

Acoustic Properties of Lead

Speed of Sound1260 m/s

Lead Thermal Properties - Enthalpies and thermodynamics

Refer to table below for Thermal properties of Lead

Melting Point600.61 K(327.46 °C, 621.428 °F)
Boiling Point2022 K(1748.85 °C, 3179.930 °F)
Critical Temperature-
Superconducting Point7.2

Enthalpies of Lead

Heat of Fusion4.77 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization178 kJ/mol
Heat of Combustion-

Lead Isotopes - Nuclear Properties of Lead

Lead has 38 isotopes, with between 178 and 215 nucleons. Lead has 4 stable naturally occuring isotopes.

Isotopes of Lead - Naturally occurring stable Isotopes: 204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb.

IsotopeZNIsotope Mass% AbundanceT halfDecay Mode
178Pb8296178Synthetic
179Pb8297179Synthetic
180Pb8298180Synthetic
181Pb8299181Synthetic
182Pb82100182Synthetic
183Pb82101183Synthetic
184Pb82102184Synthetic
185Pb82103185Synthetic
186Pb82104186Synthetic
187Pb82105187Synthetic
188Pb82106188Synthetic
189Pb82107189Synthetic
190Pb82108190Synthetic
191Pb82109191Synthetic
192Pb82110192Synthetic
193Pb82111193Synthetic
194Pb82112194Synthetic
195Pb82113195Synthetic
196Pb82114196Synthetic
197Pb82115197Synthetic
198Pb82116198Synthetic
199Pb82117199Synthetic
200Pb82118200Synthetic
201Pb82119201Synthetic
202Pb82120202Synthetic
203Pb82121203Synthetic
204Pb821222041.4%StableN/A
205Pb82123205Synthetic
206Pb8212420624.1%StableN/A
207Pb8212520722.1%Stable
208Pb8212620852.4%StableN/A
209Pb82127209Synthetic
210Pb82128210Synthetic
211Pb82129211Synthetic
212Pb82130212Synthetic
213Pb82131213Synthetic
214Pb82132214Synthetic
215Pb82133215Synthetic

Regulatory and Health - Health and Safety Parameters and Guidelines

The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) identifies hazard class of all dangerous elements/goods/commodities either by its class (or division) number or name. The DOT has divided these materials into nine different categories, known as Hazard Classes.

NFPA 704 is a Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response. NFPA is a standard maintained by the US based National Fire Protection Association.

The health (blue), flammability (red), and reactivity (yellow) rating all use a numbering scale ranging from 0 to 4. A value of zero means that the element poses no hazard; a rating of four indicates extreme danger.

NFPA Fire Rating0Will not burn
NFPA Health Rating2 Flash Points Above 37.8°C (100°F) not exceeding 93.3°C (200°F)
NFPA Reactivity Rating0 Will not burn
NFPA Hazards
Autoignition Point-
Flashpoint-

Database Search

List of unique identifiers to search the element in various chemical registry databases

DatabaseIdentifier number
CAS Number - Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)CAS7439-92-1
RTECS NumberRTECSOF7525000
CID Number CID5352425
Gmelin Number-
NSC Number-

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Find the answers to the most frequently asked questions about Lead

The electronic configuration of Lead is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2.

The abbreviated electronic configuration of Lead is [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2. To form abbreviated notation of electronic configuration, the completely filled subshells are replaced by the noble gas of the preceding period in square brackets.

Symbol of Lead is Pb. Lead is a chemical element with symbol Pb and atomic number 82.

Lead is a chemical element with the symbol Pb and atomic number 82. Lead is the 82 element on the periodic table. It is located in group 14 and period 6 in the modern periodic table.

The atomic number of Lead is 82.

Lead is of SlateGray color.

The element Lead was discovered by Africans in year 7000 BCE . Lead was first isolated by Abydos, Egypt in 3800 BCE.

Lead has 4 valence electrons. Lead has 82 electrons out of which 4 valence electrons are present in the 6s2 6p2 outer orbitals of atom.

Melting Point of Lead is 600.61 K.

Boiling Point of Lead is 2022 K.

Melting Point of Lead in Kelvin is 600.61 K.

Boiling Point of Lead in Kelvin is 2022 K.

Melting Point of Lead in Celsius is 327.46 °C.

Boiling Point of Lead in Celsius is 1748.85 °C.

Melting Point of Lead in Fahrenheit is 621.43 °F.

Boiling Point of Lead in Fahrenheit is 3179.93 °F.

The electronic configuration of Lead will be 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2.

The electronic configuration of Lead will be 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2.