Element 44 of Periodic table is Ruthenium with atomic number 44, atomic weight 101.07. Ruthenium, symbol Ru, has a Simple Hexagonal structure and Silver color. Ruthenium is a transition metal element. Know everything about Ruthenium Facts, Physical Properties, Chemical Properties, Electronic configuration, Atomic and Crystal Structure.
Ruthenium is a chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals.
Read key information and facts about element Ruthenium
| Name | Ruthenium |
| Atomic Number | 44 |
| Atomic Symbol | Ru |
| Atomic Weight | 101.07 |
| Phase | Solid |
| Color | Silver |
| Classification | transition metal |
| Group in Periodic Table | 8 |
| Group Name | iron family |
| Period in Periodic Table | 5 |
| Block in Periodic Table | d-block |
| Electronic Configuration | [Kr] 4d7 5s1 |
| Melting Point | 2334 °C |
| Boiling Point | 4150 °C |
| Electronic Shell Structure | [2, 8, 18, 15, 1] |
| CAS Number | CAS7440-18-8 |
Periodic table is arranged by atomic number, number of protons in the nucleus which is same as number of electrons. The atomic number increases from left to right. Periodic table starts at top left ( Atomic number 1) and ends at bottom right (atomic number 118). Therefore you can directly look for atomic number 44 to find Ruthenium on periodic table.
Another way to read periodic table and locate an element is by using group number (column) and period number (row). To locate Ruthenium on periodic table look for cross section of group 8 and period 5 in the modern periodic table.
The element Ruthenium was discovered by Karl Ernst Claus in year 1844 in Russia . Ruthenium derived its name from Ruthenia, the New Latin name for Russia
The table below shows the abundance of Ruthenium in Universe, Sun, Meteorites, Earth's Crust, Oceans and Human Body.
| Ppb by weight (1ppb =10^-7 %) | |
|---|---|
| Abundance in Universe | 4×10-7% |
| Abundance in Sun | 5×10-7% |
| Abundance in Meteorites | 8.1e-07 |
| Abundance in Earth's Crust | 9.9×10-8% |
| Abundance in Oceans | 7×10-11% |
| Abundance in Humans | N/A |
The solid state structure of Ruthenium is Simple Hexagonal.
The Crystal structure can be described in terms of its unit Cell. The unit Cells repeats itself in three dimensional space to form the structure.
The unit cell is represented in terms of its lattice parameters, which are the lengths of the cell edges Lattice Constants (a, b and c)
| a | b | c |
|---|---|---|
| 270.59 | 270.59 | 428.15 pm |
and the angles between them Lattice Angles (alpha, beta and gamma).
| alpha | beta | gamma |
|---|---|---|
| π/2 | π/2 | 2 π/3 |
The positions of the atoms inside the unit cell are described by the set of atomic positions ( xi, yi, zi) measured from a reference lattice point.
The symmetry properties of the crystal are described by the concept of space groups. All possible symmetric arrangements of particles in three-dimensional space are described by the 230 space groups (219 distinct types, or 230 if chiral copies are considered distinct.
| Space Group Name | P63/mmc |
|
| Space Group Number | 194 | |
| Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal |
Ruthenium atoms have 44 electrons and the electronic shell structure is [2, 8, 18, 15, 1] with Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) 5F5.
| Atomic Number | 44 |
| Number of Electrons (with no charge) | 44 |
| Number of Protons | 44 |
| Mass Number | 101 |
| Number of Neutrons | 57 |
| Shell structure (Electrons per energy level) | [2, 8, 18, 15, 1] |
| Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d7 5s1 |
| Valence Electrons | 4d7 5s1 |
| Oxidation State |
-4;-2
1;2;3;4;5;6;7;8 |
| Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) | 5F5 |
Shell Structure of Ruthenium - Electrons per energy level
| n | s | p | d | f | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | K | 2 | |||
| 2 | L | 2 | 6 | ||
| 3 | M | 2 | 6 | 10 | |
| 4 | N | 2 | 6 | 7 | |
| 5 | O | 1 |
The ground state electronic configuration of Neutral Ruthenium atom is [Kr] 4d7 5s1. The portion of Ruthenium configuration that is equivalent to the noble gas of the preceding period, is abbreviated as [Kr]. For atoms with many electrons, this notation can become lengthy and so an abbreviated notation is used.This is important as it is the Valence electrons 4d7 5s1, electrons in the outermost shell that determine the chemical properties of the element.
Complete ground state electronic configuration for the Ruthenium atom, Unabbreviated electronic configuration
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d7 5s1
Ruthenium atomic radius is 178 pm, while it's covalent radius is 126 pm.
| Atomic Radius |
178 pm (1.78 Å) |
| Atomic Volume | 8.17057396928 cm3 |
| Covalent Radius | 126 pm (1.26 Å) |
| Van der Waals Radius | N/A |
| Neutron Cross Section | 2.6 σa/barns |
The electron affinity of Ruthenium is 101.3 kJ/mol
| Valence | 6 |
| Electronegativity | 2.2 |
| ElectronAffinity | 101.3 kJ/mol |
Refer to table below for Ionization energies of Ruthenium
| Ionization energy number | Enthalpy - kJ/mol |
|---|---|
| 1 | 710.2 |
| 2 | 1620 |
| 3 | 2747 |
Refer to below table for Ruthenium Physical Properties
| Density | 12.37 g/cm3 |
| Molar Volume | 8.17057396928 cm3 |
| Young Modulus | 447 GPa |
| Shear Modulus | 173 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus | 220 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio | 0.3 |
| Mohs Hardness | 6.5 MPa |
| Vickers Hardness | N/A |
| Brinell Hardness | 2160 MPa |
Ruthenium is Conductor of electricity. Refer to table below for the Electrical properties of Ruthenium
| Electrical Conductivity | 1.4×107 S/m |
| Resistivity | 7.1×10-8 m Ω |
| Superconducting Point | 0.49 |
| Thermal Conductivity | 120 W/(m K) |
| Thermal Expansion | 6.4×10-6 K-1 |
| Magnetic Type | Paramagnetic |
| Curie Point | N/A |
| Mass Magnetic Susceptibility | 5.42×10-9 |
| Molar Magnetic Susceptibility | 5.48×10-10 |
| Volume Magnetic Susceptibility | 6.7e-05 |
| Refractive Index | N/A |
| Speed of Sound | 5970 m/s |
Refer to table below for Thermal properties of Ruthenium
| Melting Point | 2607 K (2334 °C) |
| Boiling Point | 4423 K (4150 °C) |
| Critical Temperature | N/A |
| Superconducting Point | 0.49 |
| Heat of Fusion | 25.7 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Vaporization | 580 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Combustion | N/A |
Isotopes of rhodium. Naturally occurring Ruthenium has 7 stable isotope - 100Ru, 101Ru, 102Ru, 104Ru, 96Ru, 98Ru, 99Ru.
| Isotope | Isotope Mass | % Abundance | T half | Decay Mode |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 87Ru | ||||
| 88Ru | ||||
| 89Ru | ||||
| 90Ru | ||||
| 91Ru | ||||
| 92Ru | ||||
| 93Ru | ||||
| 94Ru | ||||
| 95Ru | ||||
| 96Ru | 5.54% | Stable | N/A | |
| 97Ru | ||||
| 98Ru | 1.87% | Stable | N/A | |
| 99Ru | 12.76% | Stable | N/A | |
| 100Ru | 12.6% | Stable | N/A | |
| 101Ru | 17.06% | Stable | N/A | |
| 102Ru | 31.55% | Stable | N/A | |
| 103Ru | ||||
| 104Ru | 18.62% | Stable | N/A | |
| 105Ru | ||||
| 106Ru | ||||
| 107Ru | ||||
| 108Ru | ||||
| 109Ru | ||||
| 110Ru | ||||
| 111Ru | ||||
| 112Ru | ||||
| 113Ru | ||||
| 114Ru | ||||
| 115Ru | ||||
| 116Ru | ||||
| 117Ru | ||||
| 118Ru | ||||
| 119Ru | ||||
| 120Ru |
| CAS Number | CAS7440-18-8 |
| RTECS Number | N/A |
| DOT Hazard Class | 4.1 |
| DOT Numbers | 3089 |
| EU Number | N/A |
| NFPA Fire Rating | N/A |
| NFPA Hazards | N/A |
| NFPA Health Rating | N/A |
| NFPA Reactivity Rating | N/A |
| Autoignition Point | N/A |
| Flashpoint | N/A |
List of unique identifiers to search the element in various chemical registry databases
| Database | Identifier number |
|---|---|
| CAS Number - Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) | CAS7440-18-8 |
| CID Number | CID23950 |
| Gmelin Number | N/A |
| NSC Number | N/A |
| RTECS Number | N/A |
Metalloid |
Nonmetals |
| Other Nonmetals | |
| Halogens | Noble Gas |
Metals |
|
| Alkali Metals | Alkaline Earth Metals |
| Transition Metals | Post-Transition Metals |
| Lanthanide | Actinide |