Periodic Table Element Comparison: Compare Elements - Magnesium vs Germanium
Compare Magnesium and Germanium on the basis of their properties, attributes and periodic table facts. Compare elements on more than 90 properties. All the elements of similar categories show a lot of similarities and differences in their chemical, atomic, physical properties and uses. These similarities and dissimilarities should be known while we study periodic table elements. You can study the detailed comparison between Magnesium vs Germanium with most reliable information about their properties, attributes, facts, uses etc. You can compare Mg vs Ge on more than 90 properties like electronegativity , oxidation state, atomic shells, orbital structure, Electronaffinity, physical states, electrical conductivity and many more. Magnesium and Germanium comparison table on more than 90 properties.
Magnesium and Germanium Comparison
Facts
| Name | Magnesium | Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| Atomic Number | 12 | 32 |
| Atomic Symbol | Mg | Ge |
| Atomic Weight | 24.305 | 72.64 |
| Phase at STP | Solid | Solid |
| Color | Silver | Gray |
| Metallic Classification | Alkaline Earth Metal | Metalloid |
| Group in Periodic Table | group 2 | group 14 |
| Group Name | beryllium family | carbon family |
| Period in Periodic Table | period 3 | period 4 |
| Block in Periodic Table | s -block | p -block |
| Electronic Configuration | [Ne] 3s2 | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 |
| Electronic Shell Structure (Electrons per shell) | 2, 8, 2 | 2, 8, 18, 4 |
| Melting Point | 923 K | 1211.4 K |
| Boiling Point | 1363 K | 3093 K |
| CAS Number | CAS7439-95-4 | CAS7440-56-4 |
| Neighborhood Elements | Neighborhood Elements of Magnesium | Neighborhood Elements of Germanium |
History
| Parameter | Magnesium | Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| History | The element Magnesium was discovered by J. Black in year 1755 in United Kingdom. Magnesium derived its name from Magnesia, a district of Eastern Thessaly in Greece. | The element Germanium was discovered by C. A. Winkler in year 1886 in Germany. Germanium derived its name from Germania, the Latin name for Germany. |
| Discovery | J. Black (1755) | C. A. Winkler (1886) |
| Isolated | H. Davy (1808) | () |
Presence: Abundance in Nature and Around Us
Parts per billion (ppb) by weight / by atoms (1ppb =10^-7 %)
| Property | Magnesium | Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| Abundance in Universe | 600000 / 30000 | 200 / 3 |
| Abundance in Sun | 700000 / 30000 | 200 / 3 |
| Abundance in Meteorites | 120000000 / 100000000 | 21000 / 4900 |
| Abundance in Earth's Crust | 29000000 / 25000000 | 1400 / 390 |
| Abundance in Oceans | 1326000 / 337000 | 0.06 / 0.0051 |
| Abundance in Humans | 270000 / 70000 | - / - |
Crystal Structure and Atomic Structure
| Property | Magnesium | Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| Atomic Volume | 13.984 cm3/mol | 13.646 cm3/mol |
| Atomic Radius | 145 pm | 125 pm |
| Covalent Radius | 130 pm | 122 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius | 173 pm | 211 pm |
Atomic Spectrum - Spectral Lines | ||
| Emission Spectrum |  |  |
| Absorption Spectrum |  |  |
| Lattice Constant | 320.94, 320.94, 521.08 pm | 565.75, 565.75, 565.75 pm |
| Lattice Angle | π/2, π/2, 2 π/3 | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
| Space Group Name | P63/mmc | Fm_ 3m |
| Space Group Number | 194 | 225 |
| Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal  | Face Centered Cubic  |
Atomic and Orbital Properties
| Property | Magnesium | Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| Atomic Number | 12 | 32 |
| Number of Electrons (with no charge) | 12 | 32 |
| Number of Protons | 12 | 32 |
| Mass Number | 24.305 | 72.64 |
| Number of Neutrons | 12 | 41 |
| Shell structure (Electrons per energy level) | 2, 8, 2 | 2, 8, 18, 4 |
| Electron Configuration | [Ne] 3s2 | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 |
| Valence Electrons | 3s2 | 4s2 4p2 |
| Oxidation State | 2 | -4, 2, 4 |
| Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) | 1S0 | 3P0 |
| Shell structure |  |  |
Isotopes and Nuclear Properties
Magnesium has 3 stable naturally occuring isotopes while Germanium has 4 stable naturally occuring isotopes.
| Parameter | Magnesium | Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| Known Isotopes | 19Mg, 20Mg, 21Mg, 22Mg, 23Mg, 24Mg, 25Mg, 26Mg, 27Mg, 28Mg, 29Mg, 30Mg, 31Mg, 32Mg, 33Mg, 34Mg, 35Mg, 36Mg, 37Mg, 38Mg, 39Mg, 40Mg | 58Ge, 59Ge, 60Ge, 61Ge, 62Ge, 63Ge, 64Ge, 65Ge, 66Ge, 67Ge, 68Ge, 69Ge, 70Ge, 71Ge, 72Ge, 73Ge, 74Ge, 75Ge, 76Ge, 77Ge, 78Ge, 79Ge, 80Ge, 81Ge, 82Ge, 83Ge, 84Ge, 85Ge, 86Ge, 87Ge, 88Ge, 89Ge |
| Stable Isotopes | Naturally occurring stable isotopes: 24Mg, 25Mg, 26Mg | Naturally occurring stable isotopes: 70Ge, 72Ge, 73Ge, 74Ge |
| Neutron Cross Section | 0.063 | 2.2 |
| Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.0001 | 0.0011 |
Chemical Properties: Ionization Energies and electron affinity
| Property | Magnesium | Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| Valence or Valency | 2 | 4 |
| Electronegativity | 1.31 Pauling Scale | 2.01 Pauling Scale |
| Electron Affinity | 0 kJ/mol | 119 kJ/mol |
| Ionization Energies | 1st: 737.7 kJ/mol 2nd: 1450.7 kJ/mol 3rd: 7732.7 kJ/mol 4th: 10542.5 kJ/mol 5th: 13630 kJ/mol 6th: 18020 kJ/mol 7th: 21711 kJ/mol 8th: 25661 kJ/mol 9th: 31653 kJ/mol 10th: 35458 kJ/mol 11th: 169988 kJ/mol 12th: 189368 kJ/mol | 1st: 762 kJ/mol 2nd: 1537.5 kJ/mol 3rd: 3302.1 kJ/mol 4th: 4411 kJ/mol 5th: 9020 kJ/mol |
Physical Properties
| Property | Magnesium | Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| Density | 1.738 g/cm3 | 5.323 g/cm3 |
| Molar Volume | 13.984 cm3/mol | 13.646 cm3/mol |
Elastic Properties | ||
| Young Modulus | 45 | - |
| Shear Modulus | 17 GPa | - |
| Bulk Modulus | 45 GPa | - |
| Poisson Ratio | 0.29 | - |
Hardness - Tests to Measure of Hardness of Element | ||
| Mohs Hardness | 2.5 MPa | 6 MPa |
| Vickers Hardness | - | - |
| Brinell Hardness | 260 MPa | - |
Electrical Properties | ||
| Electrical Conductivity | 23000000 S/m | 2000 S/m |
| Resistivity | 4.4e-8 m Ω | 0.0005 m Ω |
| Superconducting Point | - | - |
Heat and Conduction Properties | ||
| Thermal Conductivity | 160 W/(m K) | 60 W/(m K) |
| Thermal Expansion | 0.0000082 /K | 0.000006 /K |
Magnetic Properties | ||
| Magnetic Type | Paramagnetic | Diamagnetic |
| Curie Point | - | - |
| Mass Magnetic Susceptibility | 6.9e-9 m3/kg | -1.5e-9 m3/kg |
| Molar Magnetic Susceptibility | 1.68e-10 m3/mol | -1.09e-10 m3/mol |
| Volume Magnetic Susceptibility | 0.000012 | -0.00000798 |
Optical Properties | ||
| Refractive Index | - | - |
Acoustic Properties | ||
| Speed of Sound | 4602 m/s | 5400 m/s |
Thermal Properties - Enthalpies and thermodynamics
| Property | Magnesium | Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| Melting Point | 923 K | 1211.4 K |
| Boiling Point | 1363 K | 3093 K |
| Critical Temperature | - | - |
| Superconducting Point | - | - |
Enthalpies | ||
| Heat of Fusion | 8.7 kJ/mol | 31.8 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Vaporization | 128 kJ/mol | 334 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Combustion | -668 J/(kg K) | -536 J/(kg K) |
Regulatory and Health - Health and Safety Parameters and Guidelines
| Parameter | Magnesium | Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| CAS Number | CAS7439-95-4 | CAS7440-56-4 |
| RTECS Number | - | RTECSLY5200000 |
| DOT Hazard Class | 4.1 | 4.1 |
| DOT Numbers | {1869,1418} | 3089 |
| EU Number | - | - |
| NFPA Fire Rating | 1 | 0 |
| NFPA Health Rating | 0 | 1 |
| NFPA Reactivity Rating | 1 | 0 |
| NFPA Hazards | - | - |
| AutoIgnition Point | 472 °C | - |
| Flashpoint | 500 °C | - |
Compare With Other Elements
Compare Magnesium and Germanium with other elements of the periodic table.