Y Yttrium – Element Information, Facts, Properties, Trends,Uses, Comparison with other elements

Yttrium History

The element Yttrium was discovered by Johan Gadolin in year 1794 in Finland . Yttrium derived its name from Ytterby, Sweden

Yttrium Presence: Abundance in Nature and Around Us

The table below shows the abundance of Yttrium in Universe, Sun, Meteorites, Earth's Crust, Oceans and Human Body.

Crystal Structure of Yttrium

The solid state structure of Yttrium is Simple Hexagonal.

The Crystal structure can be described in terms of its unit Cell. The unit Cells repeats itself in three dimensional space to form the structure.

Unit Cell Parameters

The unit cell is represented in terms of its lattice parameters, which are the lengths of the cell edges Lattice Constants (a, b and c)

and the angles between them Lattice Angles (alpha, beta and gamma).

The positions of the atoms inside the unit cell are described by the set of atomic positions ( x_i, y_i, z_i) measured from a reference lattice point.

The symmetry properties of the crystal are described by the concept of space groups. All possible symmetric arrangements of particles in three-dimensional space are described by the 230 space groups (219 distinct types, or 230 if chiral copies are considered distinct.

Space Group Name	P63/mmc
Space Group Number	194
Crystal Structure	Simple Hexagonal

Yttrium Atomic and Orbital Properties

Yttrium atoms have 39 electrons and the electronic shell structure is [2, 8, 18, 9, 2] with Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) ²D_3/2.

Atomic Number	39
Number of Electrons (with no charge)	39
Number of Protons	39
Mass Number	89
Number of Neutrons	50
Shell structure (Electrons per energy level)	[2, 8, 18, 9, 2]
Electron Configuration	[Kr] 4d1 5s2
Valence Electrons	4d1 5s2
Oxidation State	1;2;3
Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers)	2D3/2

Shell Structure of Yttrium - Electrons per energy level

n		s	p	d	f
1	K	2
2	L	2	6
3	M	2	6	10
4	N	2	6	1
5	O	2

Ground State Electronic Configuration of Yttrium - neutral Yttrium atom

The ground state electronic configuration of Neutral Yttrium atom is [Kr] 4d1 5s2. The portion of Yttrium configuration that is equivalent to the noble gas of the preceding period, is abbreviated as [Kr]. For atoms with many electrons, this notation can become lengthy and so an abbreviated notation is used.This is important as it is the Valence electrons 4d1 5s2, electrons in the outermost shell that determine the chemical properties of the element.

Unabbreviated electronic configuration of neutral Yttrium

Complete ground state electronic configuration for the Yttrium atom, Unabbreviated electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d1 5s2

Atomic Structure of Yttrium

Yttrium atomic radius is 212 pm, while it's covalent radius is 162 pm.

Atomic Spectrum of Yttrium

Yttrium Chemical Properties: Yttrium Ionization Energies and electron affinity

The electron affinity of Yttrium is 29.6 kJ/mol

Ionization Energy of Yttrium

Refer to table below for Ionization energies of Yttrium

Yttrium Physical Properties

Refer to below table for Yttrium Physical Properties

Elastic Properties

Hardness of Yttrium - Tests to Measure of Hardness of Element

Yttrium Electrical Properties

Yttrium is Conductor of electricity. Refer to table below for the Electrical properties of Yttrium

Yttrium Heat and Conduction Properties

Yttrium Magnetic Properties

Optical Properties of Yttrium

Acoustic Properties of Yttrium

Yttrium Thermal Properties - Enthalpies and thermodynamics

Refer to table below for Thermal properties of Yttrium

Enthalpies of Yttrium

Yttrium Isotopes - Nuclear Properties of Yttrium

Isotopes of rhodium. Naturally occurring Yttrium has 1 stable isotope - 89Y.

Regulatory and Health - Health and Safety Parameters and Guidelines

Database Search

List of unique identifiers to search the element in various chemical registry databases