Tl Thallium – Element Information, Facts, Properties, Trends,Uses, Comparison with other elements

Thallium History

The element Thallium was discovered by William Crookes in year 1861 in United Kingdom . Thallium derived its name from the Greek thallos, 'green twig'

Thallium Presence: Abundance in Nature and Around Us

The table below shows the abundance of Thallium in Universe, Sun, Meteorites, Earth's Crust, Oceans and Human Body.

Crystal Structure of Thallium

The solid state structure of Thallium is Simple Hexagonal.

The Crystal structure can be described in terms of its unit Cell. The unit Cells repeats itself in three dimensional space to form the structure.

Unit Cell Parameters

The unit cell is represented in terms of its lattice parameters, which are the lengths of the cell edges Lattice Constants (a, b and c)

and the angles between them Lattice Angles (alpha, beta and gamma).

The positions of the atoms inside the unit cell are described by the set of atomic positions ( x_i, y_i, z_i) measured from a reference lattice point.

The symmetry properties of the crystal are described by the concept of space groups. All possible symmetric arrangements of particles in three-dimensional space are described by the 230 space groups (219 distinct types, or 230 if chiral copies are considered distinct.

Space Group Name	P63/mmc
Space Group Number	194
Crystal Structure	Simple Hexagonal

Thallium Atomic and Orbital Properties

Thallium atoms have 81 electrons and the electronic shell structure is [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 3] with Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) ²P_1/2.

Atomic Number	81
Number of Electrons (with no charge)	81
Number of Protons	81
Mass Number	204
Number of Neutrons	123
Shell structure (Electrons per energy level)	[2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 3]
Electron Configuration	[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
Valence Electrons	6s2 6p1
Oxidation State	-5;-2;-1 1;2;3
Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers)	2P1/2

Shell Structure of Thallium - Electrons per energy level

n		s	p	d	f
1	K	2
2	L	2	6
3	M	2	6	10
4	N	2	6	10	14
5	O	2	6	10
6	P	2	1

Ground State Electronic Configuration of Thallium - neutral Thallium atom

The ground state electronic configuration of Neutral Thallium atom is [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1. The portion of Thallium configuration that is equivalent to the noble gas of the preceding period, is abbreviated as [Xe]. For atoms with many electrons, this notation can become lengthy and so an abbreviated notation is used.This is important as it is the Valence electrons 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1, electrons in the outermost shell that determine the chemical properties of the element.

Unabbreviated electronic configuration of neutral Thallium

Complete ground state electronic configuration for the Thallium atom, Unabbreviated electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1

Atomic Structure of Thallium

Thallium atomic radius is 156 pm, while it's covalent radius is 148 pm.

Atomic Spectrum of Thallium

Thallium Chemical Properties: Thallium Ionization Energies and electron affinity

The electron affinity of Thallium is 19.2 kJ/mol

Ionization Energy of Thallium

Refer to table below for Ionization energies of Thallium

Thallium Physical Properties

Refer to below table for Thallium Physical Properties

Elastic Properties

Hardness of Thallium - Tests to Measure of Hardness of Element

Thallium Electrical Properties

Thallium is Conductor of electricity. Refer to table below for the Electrical properties of Thallium

Thallium Heat and Conduction Properties

Thallium Magnetic Properties

Optical Properties of Thallium

Acoustic Properties of Thallium

Thallium Thermal Properties - Enthalpies and thermodynamics

Refer to table below for Thermal properties of Thallium

Enthalpies of Thallium

Thallium Isotopes - Nuclear Properties of Thallium

Isotopes of rhodium. Naturally occurring Thallium has 2 stable isotope - 203Tl, 205Tl.

Regulatory and Health - Health and Safety Parameters and Guidelines

Database Search

List of unique identifiers to search the element in various chemical registry databases