Cl Chlorine – Element Information, Facts, Properties, Trends,Uses, Comparison with other elements

Chlorine History

The element Chlorine was discovered by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in year 1774 in Sweden . Chlorine derived its name from the Greek word chloros, meaning 'greenish yellow'

Chlorine Presence: Abundance in Nature and Around Us

The table below shows the abundance of Chlorine in Universe, Sun, Meteorites, Earth's Crust, Oceans and Human Body.

Crystal Structure of Chlorine

The solid state structure of Chlorine is Base Centered Orthorhombic.

The Crystal structure can be described in terms of its unit Cell. The unit Cells repeats itself in three dimensional space to form the structure.

Unit Cell Parameters

The unit cell is represented in terms of its lattice parameters, which are the lengths of the cell edges Lattice Constants (a, b and c)

and the angles between them Lattice Angles (alpha, beta and gamma).

The positions of the atoms inside the unit cell are described by the set of atomic positions ( x_i, y_i, z_i) measured from a reference lattice point.

The symmetry properties of the crystal are described by the concept of space groups. All possible symmetric arrangements of particles in three-dimensional space are described by the 230 space groups (219 distinct types, or 230 if chiral copies are considered distinct.

Space Group Name	Cmca
Space Group Number	64
Crystal Structure	Base Centered Orthorhombic

Chlorine Atomic and Orbital Properties

Chlorine atoms have 17 electrons and the electronic shell structure is [2, 8, 7] with Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) ²P_3/2.

Atomic Number	17
Number of Electrons (with no charge)	17
Number of Protons	17
Mass Number	35
Number of Neutrons	18
Shell structure (Electrons per energy level)	[2, 8, 7]
Electron Configuration	[Ne] 3s2 3p5
Valence Electrons	3s2 3p5
Oxidation State	-1 1;2;3;4;5;6;7
Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers)	2P3/2

Shell Structure of Chlorine - Electrons per energy level

n		s	p	d	f
1	K	2
2	L	2	6
3	M	2	5

Ground State Electronic Configuration of Chlorine - neutral Chlorine atom

The ground state electronic configuration of Neutral Chlorine atom is [Ne] 3s2 3p5. The portion of Chlorine configuration that is equivalent to the noble gas of the preceding period, is abbreviated as [Ne]. For atoms with many electrons, this notation can become lengthy and so an abbreviated notation is used.This is important as it is the Valence electrons 3s2 3p5, electrons in the outermost shell that determine the chemical properties of the element.

Unabbreviated electronic configuration of neutral Chlorine

Complete ground state electronic configuration for the Chlorine atom, Unabbreviated electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

Atomic Structure of Chlorine

Chlorine atomic radius is 79 pm, while it's covalent radius is 99 pm.

Atomic Spectrum of Chlorine

Chlorine Chemical Properties: Chlorine Ionization Energies and electron affinity

The electron affinity of Chlorine is 349 kJ/mol

Ionization Energy of Chlorine

Refer to table below for Ionization energies of Chlorine

Chlorine Physical Properties

Refer to below table for Chlorine Physical Properties

Elastic Properties

Hardness of Chlorine - Tests to Measure of Hardness of Element

Chlorine Electrical Properties

Chlorine is Insulator of electricity. Refer to table below for the Electrical properties of Chlorine

Chlorine Heat and Conduction Properties

Chlorine Magnetic Properties

Optical Properties of Chlorine

Acoustic Properties of Chlorine

Chlorine Thermal Properties - Enthalpies and thermodynamics

Refer to table below for Thermal properties of Chlorine

Enthalpies of Chlorine

Chlorine Isotopes - Nuclear Properties of Chlorine

Isotopes of rhodium. Naturally occurring Chlorine has 2 stable isotope - 35Cl, 37Cl.

Regulatory and Health - Health and Safety Parameters and Guidelines

Database Search

List of unique identifiers to search the element in various chemical registry databases