Tm Thulium
Element Information, Facts, Properties, Trends, Uses, Comparison with other elements
Thulium is a chemical element with symbol Tm and atomic number 69. It is the thirteenth and antepenultimate (third-last) element in the Lanthanide series. Like the other lanthanides, the most common oxidation state is +3, seen in its oxide, halides and other compounds.
It belongs to group null of the periodic table having trivial name . You can also download Printable Periodic Table of Elements Flashcards for Thulium in a PDF format.
Thulium Facts
Read key information and facts about element Thulium
Name | Thulium |
Atomic Number | 69 |
Atomic Symbol | Tm |
Atomic Weight | 168.93421 |
Phase | Solid |
Color | Silver |
Appearance | silvery gray |
Classification | Lanthanide |
Natural Occurance | Primordial |
Group in Periodic Table | - |
Group Name | |
Period in Periodic Table | period 6 |
Block in Periodic Table | f-block |
Electronic Configuration | [Xe] 4f13 6s2 |
Electronic Shell Structure (Electrons per shell) | 2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2 |
Melting Point | 1818 K |
Boiling Point | 2223 K |
CAS Number | CAS7440-30-4 |
How to Locate Thulium on Periodic Table
Periodic table is arranged by atomic number, number of protons in the nucleus which is same as number of electrons. The atomic number increases from left to right. Periodic table starts at top left ( Atomic number 1) and ends at bottom right (atomic number 118). Therefore you can directly look for atomic number 69 to find Thulium on periodic table.
Another way to read periodic table and locate an element is by using group number (column) and period number (row). To locate Thulium on periodic table look for cross section of group - and period 6 in the modern periodic table.
Thulium History
The element Thulium was discovered by T. Cleve in year 1879 in Sweden. Thulium was first isolated by T. Cleve in 1879. Thulium derived its name from Thule, the ancient name for Scandinavia.
Discovered By | T. Cleve |
Discovery Date | 1879 in Sweden |
First Isolation | 1879 |
Isolated by | T. Cleve |
Cleve split Marignac's erbia into erbia proper and two new elements, thulium and holmium.
Thulium Uses
Thulium is the least naturally-occurring element on earth. When irradiated, thulium produces an isotope that emits x-rays and can be used to make a lightweight, portable x-ray machine. Thulium is also used in some surgical lasers
Thulium Presence: Abundance in Nature and Around Us
The table below shows the abundance of Thulium in Universe, Sun, Meteorites, Earth's Crust, Oceans and Human Body.
ppb by weight (1ppb =10^-7 %) | ppb by atoms (1ppb =10^-7 %) | |
---|---|---|
Abundance in Universe | 0.1 | 0.001 |
Abundance in Sun | 0.2 | 0.001 |
Abundance in Meteorites | 30 | 3 |
Abundance in Earth's Crust | 450 | 50 |
Abundance in Oceans | 0.0002 | 0.000007 |
Abundance in Humans | - | - |
Crystal Structure of Thulium
The solid state structure of Thulium is Simple Hexagonal.
The Crystal structure can be described in terms of its unit Cell. The unit Cells repeats itself in three dimensional space to form the structure.
Unit Cell Parameters
The unit cell is represented in terms of its lattice parameters, which are the lengths of the cell edges Lattice Constants (a, b and c)
a | b | c |
---|---|---|
353.75 pm | 353.75 pm | 555.46 pm |
and the angles between them Lattice Angles (alpha, beta and gamma).
alpha | beta | gamma |
---|---|---|
π/2 | π/2 | 2 π/3 |
The positions of the atoms inside the unit cell are described by the set of atomic positions ( xi, yi, zi) measured from a reference lattice point.
The symmetry properties of the crystal are described by the concept of space groups. All possible symmetric arrangements of particles in three-dimensional space are described by the 230 space groups (219 distinct types, or 230 if chiral copies are considered distinct.
Space Group Name | P63/mmc |
Space Group Number | 194 |
Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal |
Number of atoms per unit cell |
The number of atoms per unit cell in a simple cubic, face-centered cubic and body-centred cubic are 1,4,2 respectively.
Thulium Atomic and Orbital Properties
Thulium atoms have 69 electrons and the electronic shell structure is [2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2] with Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) 2F7/2.
Atomic Number | 69 |
Number of Electrons (with no charge) | 69 |
Number of Protons | 69 |
Mass Number | 169 |
Number of Neutrons | 100 |
Shell structure (Electrons per energy level) | 2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2 |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f13 6s2 |
Valence Electrons | 4f13 6s2 |
Valence (Valency) | 3 |
Main Oxidation States | 3 |
Oxidation States | 0, 1, 2, 3 |
Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) | 2F7/2 |
Bohr Atomic Model of Thulium - Electrons per energy level
n | s | p | d | f |
---|
Ground State Electronic Configuration of Thulium - neutral Thulium atom
Abbreviated electronic configuration of Thulium
The ground state abbreviated electronic configuration of Neutral Thulium atom is [Xe] 4f13 6s2. The portion of Thulium configuration that is equivalent to the noble gas of the preceding period, is abbreviated as [Xe]. For atoms with many electrons, this notation can become lengthy and so an abbreviated notation is used. This is important as it is the Valence electrons 4f13 6s2, electrons in the outermost shell that determine the chemical properties of the element.
Unabbreviated electronic configuration of neutral Thulium
Complete ground state electronic configuration for the Thulium atom, Unabbreviated electronic configuration
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 4f13 6s2
Electrons are filled in atomic orbitals as per the order determined by the Aufbau principle, Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s Rule.
Atomic Structure of Thulium
Thulium atomic radius is 222 pm, while it's covalent radius is -.
Atomic Radius Calculated | 222 pm(2.22 Å) |
Atomic Radius Empirical | 175 pm (1.75 Å) |
Atomic Volume | 19.13 cm3/mol |
Covalent Radius | - |
Van der Waals Radius | - |
Neutron Cross Section | 105 |
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.025 |
Spectral Lines of Thulium - Atomic Spectrum of Thulium
A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from an excess or deficiency of photons in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies. Spectral lines are often used to identify atoms and molecules.
Spectral lines are the result of interaction between a quantum system and a single photon. A spectral line may be observed either as an emission line or an absorption line.
Spectral lines are highly atom-specific, and can be used to identify the chemical composition of any medium. Several elements, including helium, thallium, and caesium, were discovered by spectroscopic means. They are widely used to determine the physical conditions of stars and other celestial bodies that cannot be analyzed by other means.
Emission spectrum of Thulium
Absorption spectrum of Thulium
Thulium Chemical Properties: Thulium Ionization Energies and electron affinity
The electron affinity of Thulium is 50 kJ/mol.
Valence | 3 |
Electronegativity | 1.25 |
ElectronAffinity | 50 kJ/mol |
Ionization Energy of Thulium
Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom or molecule.in chemistry, this energy is expresed in kilocalories per mole (kcal/mol) or kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol).
Refer to table below for Ionization energies of Thulium
Ionization energy number | Enthalpy - kJ/mol |
---|---|
1st | 596.7 |
2nd | 1160 |
3rd | 2285 |
4th | 4120 |
Thulium Physical Properties
Refer to below table for Thulium Physical Properties
Density | 9.321 g/cm3(when liquid at m.p density is $8.56 g/cm3) |
Molar Volume | 19.13 cm3/mol |
Elastic Properties
Young Modulus | 74 |
Shear Modulus | 31 GPa |
Bulk Modulus | 45 GPa |
Poisson Ratio | 0.21 |
Hardness of Thulium - Tests to Measure of Hardness of Element
Mohs Hardness | - |
Vickers Hardness | 520 MPa |
Brinell Hardness | 471 MPa |
Thulium Electrical Properties
Electrical resistivity measures element's electrical resistance or how strongly it resists electric current.The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm-metre (Ω⋅m). While Electrical conductivity is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity. It represents a element's ability to conduct electric current. The SI unit of electrical conductivity is siemens per metre (S/m).
Thulium is a conductor of electricity. Refer to table below for the Electrical properties of Thulium
Electrical conductors | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 1400000 S/m |
Resistivity | 7e-7 m Ω |
Superconducting Point | - |
Thulium Heat and Conduction Properties
Thermal Conductivity | 17 W/(m K) |
Thermal Expansion | 0.0000133 /K |
Thulium Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Type | Paramagnetic |
Curie Point | 25 K |
Mass Magnetic Susceptibility | 0.00000199 m3/kg |
Molar Magnetic Susceptibility | 3.36179e-7 m3/mol |
Volume Magnetic Susceptibility | 0.0185488 |
Optical Properties of Thulium
Refractive Index | - |
Acoustic Properties of Thulium
Speed of Sound | - |
Thulium Thermal Properties - Enthalpies and thermodynamics
Refer to table below for Thermal properties of Thulium
Melting Point | 1818 K(1544.85 °C, 2812.730 °F) |
Boiling Point | 2223 K(1949.85 °C, 3541.730 °F) |
Critical Temperature | - |
Superconducting Point | - |
Enthalpies of Thulium
Heat of Fusion | 16.8 kJ/mol |
Heat of Vaporization | 250 kJ/mol |
Heat of Combustion | - |
Thulium Isotopes - Nuclear Properties of Thulium
Thulium has 35 isotopes, with between 145 and 179 nucleons. Thulium has 1 stable naturally occuring isotopes.
Isotopes of Thulium - Naturally occurring stable Isotopes: 169Tm.
Isotope | Z | N | Isotope Mass | % Abundance | T half | Decay Mode |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
145Tm | 69 | 76 | 145 | Synthetic | ||
146Tm | 69 | 77 | 146 | Synthetic | ||
147Tm | 69 | 78 | 147 | Synthetic | ||
148Tm | 69 | 79 | 148 | Synthetic | ||
149Tm | 69 | 80 | 149 | Synthetic | ||
150Tm | 69 | 81 | 150 | Synthetic | ||
151Tm | 69 | 82 | 151 | Synthetic | ||
152Tm | 69 | 83 | 152 | Synthetic | ||
153Tm | 69 | 84 | 153 | Synthetic | ||
154Tm | 69 | 85 | 154 | Synthetic | ||
155Tm | 69 | 86 | 155 | Synthetic | ||
156Tm | 69 | 87 | 156 | Synthetic | ||
157Tm | 69 | 88 | 157 | Synthetic | ||
158Tm | 69 | 89 | 158 | Synthetic | ||
159Tm | 69 | 90 | 159 | Synthetic | ||
160Tm | 69 | 91 | 160 | Synthetic | ||
161Tm | 69 | 92 | 161 | Synthetic | ||
162Tm | 69 | 93 | 162 | Synthetic | ||
163Tm | 69 | 94 | 163 | Synthetic | ||
164Tm | 69 | 95 | 164 | Synthetic | ||
165Tm | 69 | 96 | 165 | Synthetic | ||
166Tm | 69 | 97 | 166 | Synthetic | ||
167Tm | 69 | 98 | 167 | Synthetic | ||
168Tm | 69 | 99 | 168 | Synthetic | ||
169Tm | 69 | 100 | 169 | 100% | Stable | |
170Tm | 69 | 101 | 170 | Synthetic | ||
171Tm | 69 | 102 | 171 | Synthetic | ||
172Tm | 69 | 103 | 172 | Synthetic | ||
173Tm | 69 | 104 | 173 | Synthetic | ||
174Tm | 69 | 105 | 174 | Synthetic | ||
175Tm | 69 | 106 | 175 | Synthetic | ||
176Tm | 69 | 107 | 176 | Synthetic | ||
177Tm | 69 | 108 | 177 | Synthetic | ||
178Tm | 69 | 109 | 178 | Synthetic | ||
179Tm | 69 | 110 | 179 | Synthetic |
Regulatory and Health - Health and Safety Parameters and Guidelines
The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) identifies hazard class of all dangerous elements/goods/commodities either by its class (or division) number or name. The DOT has divided these materials into nine different categories, known as Hazard Classes.
DOT Numbers | 3089 |
DOT Hazard Class | 4.1 |
NFPA 704 is a Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response. NFPA is a standard maintained by the US based National Fire Protection Association.
The health (blue), flammability (red), and reactivity (yellow) rating all use a numbering scale ranging from 0 to 4. A value of zero means that the element poses no hazard; a rating of four indicates extreme danger.
NFPA Fire Rating | N/A | N/A |
NFPA Health Rating | N/A | N/A |
NFPA Reactivity Rating | N/A | N/A |
NFPA Hazards | N/A |
Autoignition Point | - |
Flashpoint | - |
Database Search
List of unique identifiers to search the element in various chemical registry databases
Database | Identifier number |
---|---|
CAS Number - Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) | CAS7440-30-4 |
RTECS Number | - |
CID Number | CID23961 |
Gmelin Number | - |
NSC Number | - |
Compare Thulium with other elements
Compare Thulium with all Group elements
Compare Thulium with all Period 6 elements
Compare Thulium with all Lanthanide elements
FAQs
What is the electronic configuration of Thulium?
The electronic configuration of Thulium is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 4f13 6s2.
What is the abbreviated electronic configuration of Thulium?
The abbreviated electronic configuration of Thulium is [Xe] 4f13 6s2. To form abbreviated notation of electronic configuration, the completely filled subshells are replaced by the noble gas of the preceding period in square brackets.
What is the symbol of Thulium?
Symbol of Thulium is Tm. Thulium is a chemical element with symbol Tm and atomic number 69.
What is the position of Thulium in the Periodic Table?
Thulium is a chemical element with the symbol Tm and atomic number 69. Thulium is the 69 element on the periodic table. It is located in group null and period 6 in the modern periodic table.
What is the atomic number of Thulium?
The atomic number of Thulium is 69.
What is the color of Thulium?
Thulium is of Silver color.
Who discovered Thulium?
The element Thulium was discovered by T. Cleve in year 1879 in Sweden. Thulium was first isolated by T. Cleve in 1879.
How many valence electrons does a Thulium atom have?
Thulium has 3 valence electrons. Thulium has 69 electrons out of which 3 valence electrons are present in the 4f13 6s2 outer orbitals of atom.
What is the melting Point of Thulium?
Melting Point of Thulium is 1818 K.
What is the boiling Point of Thulium?
Boiling Point of Thulium is 2223 K.
What is the melting Point of Thulium in Kelvin?
Melting Point of Thulium in Kelvin is 1818 K.
What is the boiling Point of Thulium in Kelvin?
Boiling Point of Thulium in Kelvin is 2223 K.
What is the melting Point of Thulium in Celsius?
Melting Point of Thulium in Celsius is 1544.85 °C.
What is the boiling Point of Thulium in Celsius?
Boiling Point of Thulium in Celsius is 1949.85 °C.
What is the melting Point of Thulium in Fahrenheit?
Melting Point of Thulium in Fahrenheit is 2812.73 °F.
What is the boiling Point of Thulium in Fahrenheit?
Boiling Point of Thulium in Fahrenheit is 3541.73 °F.
What is the electronic configuration of Thulium 69?
The electronic configuration of Thulium will be 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 4f13 6s2.
How do you write the electron configuration for Thulium?
The electronic configuration of Thulium will be 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 4f13 6s2.