V Vanadium
Element Information, Facts, Properties, Trends, Uses, Comparison with other elements

The solid state structure of Vanadium is Body Centered Cubic.

The Crystal structure can be described in terms of its unit Cell. The unit Cells repeats itself in three dimensional space to form the structure.

Unit Cell Parameters

The unit cell is represented in terms of its lattice parameters, which are the lengths of the cell edges Lattice Constants (a, b and c)

and the angles between them Lattice Angles (alpha, beta and gamma).

The positions of the atoms inside the unit cell are described by the set of atomic positions ( x_i, y_i, z_i) measured from a reference lattice point.

The symmetry properties of the crystal are described by the concept of space groups. All possible symmetric arrangements of particles in three-dimensional space are described by the 230 space groups (219 distinct types, or 230 if chiral copies are considered distinct.

Space Group Name	Im_ 3m
Space Group Number	229
Crystal Structure	Body Centered Cubic
Number of atoms per unit cell	2

Vanadium atoms have 23 electrons and the electronic shell structure is [2, 8, 11, 2] with Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) ⁴F_3/2.

Atomic Number	23
Number of Electrons (with no charge)	23
Number of Protons	23
Mass Number	51
Number of Neutrons	28
Shell structure (Electrons per energy level)	2, 8, 11, 2
Electron Configuration	[Ar] 3d3 4s2
Valence Electrons	3d3 4s2
Valence (Valency)	5
Main Oxidation States	2, 3, 4, 5
Oxidation States	-3, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers)	4F3/2

Bohr Atomic Model of Vanadium - Electrons per energy level

n		s	p	d	f

Ground State Electronic Configuration of Vanadium - neutral Vanadium atom

Abbreviated electronic configuration of Vanadium

The ground state abbreviated electronic configuration of Neutral Vanadium atom is [Ar] 3d3 4s2. The portion of Vanadium configuration that is equivalent to the noble gas of the preceding period, is abbreviated as [Ar]. For atoms with many electrons, this notation can become lengthy and so an abbreviated notation is used. This is important as it is the Valence electrons 3d3 4s2, electrons in the outermost shell that determine the chemical properties of the element.

Unabbreviated electronic configuration of neutral Vanadium

Complete ground state electronic configuration for the Vanadium atom, Unabbreviated electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2

Electrons are filled in atomic orbitals as per the order determined by the Aufbau principle, Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s Rule.

As per the Aufbau principle the electrons will occupy the orbitals having lower energies before occupying higher energy orbitals. According to this principle, electrons are filled in the following order: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p…

The Pauli exclusion principle states that a maximum of two electrons, each having opposite spins, can fit in an orbital.

Hund's rule states that every orbital in a given subshell is singly occupied by electrons before a second electron is filled in an orbital.

Atomic Structure of Vanadium

Vanadium atomic radius is 171 pm, while it's covalent radius is 125 pm.

Spectral Lines of Vanadium - Atomic Spectrum of Vanadium

A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from an excess or deficiency of photons in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies. Spectral lines are often used to identify atoms and molecules.

Spectral lines are the result of interaction between a quantum system and a single photon. A spectral line may be observed either as an emission line or an absorption line.

Spectral lines are highly atom-specific, and can be used to identify the chemical composition of any medium. Several elements, including helium, thallium, and caesium, were discovered by spectroscopic means. They are widely used to determine the physical conditions of stars and other celestial bodies that cannot be analyzed by other means.

Emission spectrum of Vanadium

Absorption spectrum of Vanadium

The electron affinity of Vanadium is 50.6 kJ/mol.

Ionization Energy of Vanadium

Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom or molecule.in chemistry, this energy is expresed in kilocalories per mole (kcal/mol) or kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol).

Refer to table below for Ionization energies of Vanadium

Refer to below table for Vanadium Physical Properties

Elastic Properties

Hardness of Vanadium - Tests to Measure of Hardness of Element

Vanadium Electrical Properties

Electrical resistivity measures element's electrical resistance or how strongly it resists electric current.The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm-metre (Ω⋅m). While Electrical conductivity is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity. It represents a element's ability to conduct electric current. The SI unit of electrical conductivity is siemens per metre (S/m).

Vanadium is a conductor of electricity. Refer to table below for the Electrical properties of Vanadium

Vanadium Heat and Conduction Properties

Vanadium Magnetic Properties

Optical Properties of Vanadium

Acoustic Properties of Vanadium

Refer to table below for Thermal properties of Vanadium

Enthalpies of Vanadium

Vanadium has 26 isotopes, with between 40 and 65 nucleons. Vanadium has 1 stable naturally occuring isotopes.

Isotopes of Vanadium - Naturally occurring stable Isotopes: 51V.