Th Thorium – Element Information, Facts, Properties, Trends,Uses, Comparison with other elements

Thorium History

The element Thorium was discovered by Jöns Jakob Berzelius in year 1829 in Sweden . Thorium derived its name from Thor, the Scandinavian god of thunder

Thorium Presence: Abundance in Nature and Around Us

The table below shows the abundance of Thorium in Universe, Sun, Meteorites, Earth's Crust, Oceans and Human Body.

Crystal Structure of Thorium

The solid state structure of Thorium is Face Centered Cubic.

The Crystal structure can be described in terms of its unit Cell. The unit Cells repeats itself in three dimensional space to form the structure.

Unit Cell Parameters

The unit cell is represented in terms of its lattice parameters, which are the lengths of the cell edges Lattice Constants (a, b and c)

and the angles between them Lattice Angles (alpha, beta and gamma).

The positions of the atoms inside the unit cell are described by the set of atomic positions ( x_i, y_i, z_i) measured from a reference lattice point.

The symmetry properties of the crystal are described by the concept of space groups. All possible symmetric arrangements of particles in three-dimensional space are described by the 230 space groups (219 distinct types, or 230 if chiral copies are considered distinct.

Space Group Name	Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number	225
Crystal Structure	Face Centered Cubic

Thorium Atomic and Orbital Properties

Thorium atoms have 90 electrons and the electronic shell structure is [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2] with Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) ³F₂.

Atomic Number	90
Number of Electrons (with no charge)	90
Number of Protons	90
Mass Number	232
Number of Neutrons	142
Shell structure (Electrons per energy level)	[2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2]
Electron Configuration	[Rn] 6d2 7s2
Valence Electrons	6d2 7s2
Oxidation State	1;2;3;4
Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers)	3F2

Shell Structure of Thorium - Electrons per energy level

n		s	p	d	f
1	K	2
2	L	2	6
3	M	2	6	10
4	N	2	6	10	14
5	O	2	6	10
6	P	2	6	2
7	Q	2

Ground State Electronic Configuration of Thorium - neutral Thorium atom

The ground state electronic configuration of Neutral Thorium atom is [Rn] 6d2 7s2. The portion of Thorium configuration that is equivalent to the noble gas of the preceding period, is abbreviated as [Rn]. For atoms with many electrons, this notation can become lengthy and so an abbreviated notation is used.This is important as it is the Valence electrons 6d2 7s2, electrons in the outermost shell that determine the chemical properties of the element.

Unabbreviated electronic configuration of neutral Thorium

Complete ground state electronic configuration for the Thorium atom, Unabbreviated electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6 6d2 7s2

Atomic Structure of Thorium

Thorium atomic radius is 180 pm, while it's covalent radius is N/A.

Atomic Spectrum of Thorium

Thorium Chemical Properties: Thorium Ionization Energies and electron affinity

The electron affinity of Thorium is N/A

Ionization Energy of Thorium

Refer to table below for Ionization energies of Thorium

Thorium Physical Properties

Refer to below table for Thorium Physical Properties

Elastic Properties

Hardness of Thorium - Tests to Measure of Hardness of Element

Thorium Electrical Properties

Thorium is Conductor of electricity. Refer to table below for the Electrical properties of Thorium

Thorium Heat and Conduction Properties

Thorium Magnetic Properties

Optical Properties of Thorium

Acoustic Properties of Thorium

Thorium Thermal Properties - Enthalpies and thermodynamics

Refer to table below for Thermal properties of Thorium

Enthalpies of Thorium

Thorium Isotopes - Nuclear Properties of Thorium

Isotopes of rhodium. Naturally occurring Thorium has 1 stable isotope - 232Th.

Regulatory and Health - Health and Safety Parameters and Guidelines

Database Search

List of unique identifiers to search the element in various chemical registry databases