Pm Promethium – Element Information, Facts, Properties, Trends,Uses, Comparison with other elements

Promethium History

The element Promethium was discovered by Chien Shiung Wu in year 1945 in United States . Promethium derived its name from Prometheus of Greek mythology who stole fire from the Gods and gave it to humans

Promethium Presence: Abundance in Nature and Around Us

The table below shows the abundance of Promethium in Universe, Sun, Meteorites, Earth's Crust, Oceans and Human Body.

Crystal Structure of Promethium

The solid state structure of Promethium is Simple Hexagonal.

The Crystal structure can be described in terms of its unit Cell. The unit Cells repeats itself in three dimensional space to form the structure.

Unit Cell Parameters

The unit cell is represented in terms of its lattice parameters, which are the lengths of the cell edges Lattice Constants (a, b and c)

and the angles between them Lattice Angles (alpha, beta and gamma).

The positions of the atoms inside the unit cell are described by the set of atomic positions ( x_i, y_i, z_i) measured from a reference lattice point.

The symmetry properties of the crystal are described by the concept of space groups. All possible symmetric arrangements of particles in three-dimensional space are described by the 230 space groups (219 distinct types, or 230 if chiral copies are considered distinct.

Space Group Name	N/A
Space Group Number	N/A
Crystal Structure	Simple Hexagonal

Promethium Atomic and Orbital Properties

Promethium atoms have 61 electrons and the electronic shell structure is [2, 8, 18, 23, 8, 2] with Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) ⁶H_5/2.

Atomic Number	61
Number of Electrons (with no charge)	61
Number of Protons	61
Mass Number	145
Number of Neutrons	84
Shell structure (Electrons per energy level)	[2, 8, 18, 23, 8, 2]
Electron Configuration	[Xe] 4f5 6s2
Valence Electrons	4f5 6s2
Oxidation State	2;3
Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers)	6H5/2

Shell Structure of Promethium - Electrons per energy level

n		s	p	d	f
1	K	2
2	L	2	6
3	M	2	6	10
4	N	2	6	10	5
5	O	2	6
6	P	2

Ground State Electronic Configuration of Promethium - neutral Promethium atom

The ground state electronic configuration of Neutral Promethium atom is [Xe] 4f5 6s2. The portion of Promethium configuration that is equivalent to the noble gas of the preceding period, is abbreviated as [Xe]. For atoms with many electrons, this notation can become lengthy and so an abbreviated notation is used.This is important as it is the Valence electrons 4f5 6s2, electrons in the outermost shell that determine the chemical properties of the element.

Unabbreviated electronic configuration of neutral Promethium

Complete ground state electronic configuration for the Promethium atom, Unabbreviated electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 4f5 6s2

Atomic Structure of Promethium

Promethium atomic radius is 205 pm, while it's covalent radius is N/A.

Atomic Spectrum of Promethium

Promethium Chemical Properties: Promethium Ionization Energies and electron affinity

The electron affinity of Promethium is 50 kJ/mol

Ionization Energy of Promethium

Refer to table below for Ionization energies of Promethium

Promethium Physical Properties

Refer to below table for Promethium Physical Properties

Elastic Properties

Hardness of Promethium - Tests to Measure of Hardness of Element

Promethium Electrical Properties

Promethium is Conductor of electricity. Refer to table below for the Electrical properties of Promethium

Promethium Heat and Conduction Properties

Promethium Magnetic Properties

Optical Properties of Promethium

Acoustic Properties of Promethium

Promethium Thermal Properties - Enthalpies and thermodynamics

Refer to table below for Thermal properties of Promethium

Enthalpies of Promethium

Promethium Isotopes - Nuclear Properties of Promethium

Isotopes of rhodium. Naturally occurring Promethium has 1 stable isotope - None.

Regulatory and Health - Health and Safety Parameters and Guidelines

Database Search

List of unique identifiers to search the element in various chemical registry databases