Element 82 of Periodic table is Lead with atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2. Lead, symbol Pb, has a Face Centered Cubic structure and SlateGray color. Lead is a post-transition metal element. Trivial name of Lead is tetrels, crystallogens. Know everything about Lead Facts, Physical Properties, Chemical Properties, Electronic configuration, Atomic and Crystal Structure.
Lead (/lɛd/) is a chemical element in the carbon group with symbol Pb (from Latin:plumbum) and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable and heavy post-transition metal. Metallic lead has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed to air.
Read key information and facts about element Lead
| Name | Lead |
| Atomic Number | 82 |
| Atomic Symbol | Pb |
| Atomic Weight | 207.2 |
| Phase | Solid |
| Color | SlateGray |
| Classification | post-transition metal |
| Group in Periodic Table | 14 |
| Group Name | carbon family |
| Period in Periodic Table | 6 |
| Block in Periodic Table | p-block |
| Electronic Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 |
| Melting Point | 327.46 °C |
| Boiling Point | 1749 °C |
| Electronic Shell Structure | [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4] |
| CAS Number | CAS7439-92-1 |
Periodic table is arranged by atomic number, number of protons in the nucleus which is same as number of electrons. The atomic number increases from left to right. Periodic table starts at top left ( Atomic number 1) and ends at bottom right (atomic number 118). Therefore you can directly look for atomic number 82 to find Lead on periodic table.
Another way to read periodic table and locate an element is by using group number (column) and period number (row). To locate Lead on periodic table look for cross section of group 14 and period 6 in the modern periodic table.
The element Lead was discovered by Middle East in year 4000 BC in unknown place . Lead derived its name from English word (plumbum in Latin)
The table below shows the abundance of Lead in Universe, Sun, Meteorites, Earth's Crust, Oceans and Human Body.
| Ppb by weight (1ppb =10^-7 %) | |
|---|---|
| Abundance in Universe | 1×10-6% |
| Abundance in Sun | 1×10-6% |
| Abundance in Meteorites | 1.4e-06 |
| Abundance in Earth's Crust | 9.9e-06 |
| Abundance in Oceans | 3×10-9% |
| Abundance in Humans | 1.7e-06 |
The solid state structure of Lead is Face Centered Cubic.
The Crystal structure can be described in terms of its unit Cell. The unit Cells repeats itself in three dimensional space to form the structure.
The unit cell is represented in terms of its lattice parameters, which are the lengths of the cell edges Lattice Constants (a, b and c)
| a | b | c |
|---|---|---|
| 495.08 | 495.08 | 495.08 pm |
and the angles between them Lattice Angles (alpha, beta and gamma).
| alpha | beta | gamma |
|---|---|---|
| π/2 | π/2 | π/2 |
The positions of the atoms inside the unit cell are described by the set of atomic positions ( xi, yi, zi) measured from a reference lattice point.
The symmetry properties of the crystal are described by the concept of space groups. All possible symmetric arrangements of particles in three-dimensional space are described by the 230 space groups (219 distinct types, or 230 if chiral copies are considered distinct.
| Space Group Name | Fm_ 3m |
|
| Space Group Number | 225 | |
| Crystal Structure | Face Centered Cubic |
Lead atoms have 82 electrons and the electronic shell structure is [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4] with Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) 3P0.
| Atomic Number | 82 |
| Number of Electrons (with no charge) | 82 |
| Number of Protons | 82 |
| Mass Number | 207 |
| Number of Neutrons | 125 |
| Shell structure (Electrons per energy level) | [2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4] |
| Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 |
| Valence Electrons | 6s2 6p2 |
| Oxidation State |
-4;-2;-1
1;2;3;4 |
| Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) | 3P0 |
Shell Structure of Lead - Electrons per energy level
| n | s | p | d | f | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | K | 2 | |||
| 2 | L | 2 | 6 | ||
| 3 | M | 2 | 6 | 10 | |
| 4 | N | 2 | 6 | 10 | 14 |
| 5 | O | 2 | 6 | 10 | |
| 6 | P | 2 | 2 |
The ground state electronic configuration of Neutral Lead atom is [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2. The portion of Lead configuration that is equivalent to the noble gas of the preceding period, is abbreviated as [Xe]. For atoms with many electrons, this notation can become lengthy and so an abbreviated notation is used.This is important as it is the Valence electrons 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2, electrons in the outermost shell that determine the chemical properties of the element.
Complete ground state electronic configuration for the Lead atom, Unabbreviated electronic configuration
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
Lead atomic radius is 154 pm, while it's covalent radius is 147 pm.
| Atomic Radius |
154 pm (1.54 Å) |
| Atomic Volume | 18.2716049383 cm3 |
| Covalent Radius | 147 pm (1.47 Å) |
| Van der Waals Radius | 202 pm |
| Neutron Cross Section | 0.171 σa/barns |
The electron affinity of Lead is 35.1 kJ/mol
| Valence | 4 |
| Electronegativity | 2.33 |
| ElectronAffinity | 35.1 kJ/mol |
Refer to table below for Ionization energies of Lead
| Ionization energy number | Enthalpy - kJ/mol |
|---|---|
| 1 | 715.6 |
| 2 | 1450.5 |
| 3 | 3081.5 |
| 4 | 4083 |
| 5 | 6640 |
Refer to below table for Lead Physical Properties
| Density | 11.34 g/cm3 |
| Molar Volume | 18.2716049383 cm3 |
| Young Modulus | 16 GPa |
| Shear Modulus | 5.6 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus | 46 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio | 0.44 |
| Mohs Hardness | 1.5 MPa |
| Vickers Hardness | N/A |
| Brinell Hardness | 38.3 MPa |
Lead is Conductor of electricity. Refer to table below for the Electrical properties of Lead
| Electrical Conductivity | 4.8×106 S/m |
| Resistivity | 2.1×10-7 m Ω |
| Superconducting Point | 7.2 |
| Thermal Conductivity | 35 W/(m K) |
| Thermal Expansion | 0.0000289 K-1 |
| Magnetic Type | Diamagnetic |
| Curie Point | N/A |
| Mass Magnetic Susceptibility | -1.5×10-9 |
| Molar Magnetic Susceptibility | -3.11×10-10 |
| Volume Magnetic Susceptibility | -1.7e-05 |
| Refractive Index | N/A |
| Speed of Sound | 1260 m/s |
Refer to table below for Thermal properties of Lead
| Melting Point | 600.61 K (327.46 °C) |
| Boiling Point | 2022 K (1749 °C) |
| Critical Temperature | N/A |
| Superconducting Point | 7.2 |
| Heat of Fusion | 4.77 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Vaporization | 178 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Combustion | N/A |
Isotopes of rhodium. Naturally occurring Lead has 4 stable isotope - 204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb.
| Isotope | Isotope Mass | % Abundance | T half | Decay Mode |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 178Pb | ||||
| 179Pb | ||||
| 180Pb | ||||
| 181Pb | ||||
| 182Pb | ||||
| 183Pb | ||||
| 184Pb | ||||
| 185Pb | ||||
| 186Pb | ||||
| 187Pb | ||||
| 188Pb | ||||
| 189Pb | ||||
| 190Pb | ||||
| 191Pb | ||||
| 192Pb | ||||
| 193Pb | ||||
| 194Pb | ||||
| 195Pb | ||||
| 196Pb | ||||
| 197Pb | ||||
| 198Pb | ||||
| 199Pb | ||||
| 200Pb | ||||
| 201Pb | ||||
| 202Pb | ||||
| 203Pb | ||||
| 204Pb | 1.4% | Stable | N/A | |
| 205Pb | ||||
| 206Pb | 24.1% | Stable | N/A | |
| 207Pb | 22.1% | Stable | N/A | |
| 208Pb | 52.4% | Stable | N/A | |
| 209Pb | ||||
| 210Pb | ||||
| 211Pb | ||||
| 212Pb | ||||
| 213Pb | ||||
| 214Pb | ||||
| 215Pb |
| CAS Number | CAS7439-92-1 |
| RTECS Number | RTECSOF7525000 |
| DOT Hazard Class | N/A |
| DOT Numbers | 3077 |
| EU Number | N/A |
| NFPA Fire Rating | 0 |
| NFPA Hazards | N/A |
| NFPA Health Rating | 2 |
| NFPA Reactivity Rating | 0 |
| Autoignition Point | N/A |
| Flashpoint | N/A |
List of unique identifiers to search the element in various chemical registry databases
| Database | Identifier number |
|---|---|
| CAS Number - Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) | CAS7439-92-1 |
| CID Number | CID5352425 |
| Gmelin Number | N/A |
| NSC Number | N/A |
| RTECS Number | RTECSOF7525000 |
Metalloid |
Nonmetals |
| Other Nonmetals | |
| Halogens | Noble Gas |
Metals |
|
| Alkali Metals | Alkaline Earth Metals |
| Transition Metals | Post-Transition Metals |
| Lanthanide | Actinide |