Periodic Table Element Comparison: Compare Elements - Germanium vs Ruthenium
Compare Germanium and Ruthenium
Compare Germanium and Ruthenium on the basis of their properties, attributes and periodic table facts. Compare elements on more than 90 properties. All the elements of similar categories show a lot of similarities and differences in their chemical, atomic, physical properties and uses. These similarities and dissimilarities should be known while we study periodic table elements. You can study the detailed comparison between Germanium vs Ruthenium with most reliable information about their properties, attributes, facts, uses etc. You can compare Ge vs Ru on more than 90 properties like electronegativity , oxidation state, atomic shells, orbital structure, Electronaffinity, physical states, electrical conductivity and many more.
Facts
Name | Germanium | Ruthenium |
Atomic Number | 32 | 44 |
Atomic Symbol | Ge | Ru |
Atomic Weight | 72.64 | 101.07 |
Phase at STP | Solid | Solid |
Color | Gray | Silver |
Metallic Classification | Metalloid | Transition Metal |
Group in Periodic Table | group 14 | group 8 |
Group Name | carbon family | iron family |
Period in Periodic Table | period 4 | period 5 |
Block in Periodic Table | p -block | d -block |
Electronic Configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 | [Kr] 4d7 5s1 |
Electronic Shell Structure (Electrons per shell) | 2, 8, 18, 4 | 2, 8, 18, 15, 1 |
Melting Point | 1211.4 K | 2607 K |
Boiling Point | 3093 K | 4423 K |
CAS Number | CAS7440-56-4 | CAS7440-18-8 |
Neighborhood Elements | Neighborhood Elements of Germanium | Neighborhood Elements of Ruthenium |
History
Name | Germanium | Ruthenium |
History | The element Germanium was discovered by C. A. Winkler in year 1886 in Germany. Germanium derived its name from Germania, the Latin name for Germany. | The element Ruthenium was discovered by K. Claus in year 1844 in Russia. Ruthenium derived its name from Ruthenia, the New Latin name for Russia. |
Discovery | C. A. Winkler (1886) | K. Claus (1844) |
Isolated | () | K. Claus (1844) |
Presence: Abundance in Nature and Around Us
Parts per billion (ppb) by weight / by atoms (1ppb =10^-7 %)
Name | Germanium | Ruthenium |
Abundance in Universe | 200 / 3 | 4 / 0.05 |
Abundance in Sun | 200 / 3 | 5 / 0.06 |
Abundance in Meteorites | 21000 / 4900 | 830 / 160 |
Abundance in Earth's Crust | 1400 / 390 | 1.0 / 0.2 |
Abundance in Oceans | 0.06 / 0.0051 | 0.0007 / 0.000043 |
Abundance in Humans | - / - | - / - |
Crystal Structure and Atomic Structure
Name | Germanium | Ruthenium |
Atomic Volume | 13.646 cm3/mol | 8.1706 cm3/mol |
Atomic Radius | 125 pm | 178 pm |
Covalent Radius | 122 pm | 126 pm |
Van der Waals Radius | 211 pm | - |
Atomic Spectrum - Spectral Lines | ||
Emission Spectrum | ||
Absorption Spectrum | ||
Lattice Constant | 565.75, 565.75, 565.75 pm | 270.59, 270.59, 428.15 pm |
Lattice Angle | π/2, π/2, π/2 | π/2, π/2, 2 π/3 |
Space Group Name | Fm_ 3m | P63/mmc |
Space Group Number | 225 | 194 |
Crystal Structure | Face Centered Cubic | Simple Hexagonal |
Atomic and Orbital Properties
Name | Germanium | Ruthenium |
Atomic Number | 32 | 44 |
Number of Electrons (with no charge) | 32 | 44 |
Number of Protons | 32 | 44 |
Mass Number | 72.64 | 101.07 |
Number of Neutrons | 41 | 57 |
Shell structure (Electrons per energy level) | 2, 8, 18, 4 | 2, 8, 18, 15, 1 |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 | [Kr] 4d7 5s1 |
Valence Electrons | 4s2 4p2 | 4d7 5s1 |
Oxidation State | -4, 2, 4 | 3, 4 |
Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) | 3P0 | 5F5 |
Shell structure |
Isotopes and Nuclear Properties
Germanium has 4 stable naturally occuring isotopes while Ruthenium has 7 stable naturally occuring isotopes.
Name | Germanium | Ruthenium |
Known Isotopes | 58Ge, 59Ge, 60Ge, 61Ge, 62Ge, 63Ge, 64Ge, 65Ge, 66Ge, 67Ge, 68Ge, 69Ge, 70Ge, 71Ge, 72Ge, 73Ge, 74Ge, 75Ge, 76Ge, 77Ge, 78Ge, 79Ge, 80Ge, 81Ge, 82Ge, 83Ge, 84Ge, 85Ge, 86Ge, 87Ge, 88Ge, 89Ge | 87Ru, 88Ru, 89Ru, 90Ru, 91Ru, 92Ru, 93Ru, 94Ru, 95Ru, 96Ru, 97Ru, 98Ru, 99Ru, 100Ru, 101Ru, 102Ru, 103Ru, 104Ru, 105Ru, 106Ru, 107Ru, 108Ru, 109Ru, 110Ru, 111Ru, 112Ru, 113Ru, 114Ru, 115Ru, 116Ru, 117Ru, 118Ru, 119Ru, 120Ru |
Stable Isotopes | Naturally occurring stable isotopes: 70Ge, 72Ge, 73Ge, 74Ge | Naturally occurring stable isotopes: 100Ru, 101Ru, 102Ru, 104Ru, 96Ru, 98Ru, 99Ru |
Neutron Cross Section | 2.2 | 2.6 |
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.0011 | 0.0009 |
Chemical Properties: Ionization Energies and electron affinity
Name | Germanium | Ruthenium |
Valence or Valency | 4 | 6 |
Electronegativity | 2.01 Pauling Scale | 2.2 Pauling Scale |
Electron Affinity | 119 kJ/mol | 101.3 kJ/mol |
Ionization Energies | 1st: 762 kJ/mol 2nd: 1537.5 kJ/mol 3rd: 3302.1 kJ/mol 4th: 4411 kJ/mol 5th: 9020 kJ/mol | 1st: 710.2 kJ/mol 2nd: 1620 kJ/mol 3rd: 2747 kJ/mol |
Physical Properties
Name | Germanium | Ruthenium |
Density | 5.323 g/cm3 | 12.37 g/cm3 |
Molar Volume | 13.646 cm3/mol | 8.1706 cm3/mol |
Elastic Properties | ||
Young Modulus | - | 447 |
Shear Modulus | - | 173 GPa |
Bulk Modulus | - | 220 GPa |
Poisson Ratio | - | 0.3 |
Hardness - Tests to Measure of Hardness of Element | ||
Mohs Hardness | 6 MPa | 6.5 MPa |
Vickers Hardness | - | - |
Brinell Hardness | - | 2160 MPa |
Electrical Properties | ||
Electrical Conductivity | 2000 S/m | 14000000 S/m |
Resistivity | 0.0005 m Ω | 7.1e-8 m Ω |
Superconducting Point | - | 0.49 |
Heat and Conduction Properties | ||
Thermal Conductivity | 60 W/(m K) | 120 W/(m K) |
Thermal Expansion | 0.000006 /K | 0.0000064 /K |
Magnetic Properties | ||
Magnetic Type | Diamagnetic | Paramagnetic |
Curie Point | - | - |
Mass Magnetic Susceptibility | -1.5e-9 m3/kg | 5.42e-9 m3/kg |
Molar Magnetic Susceptibility | -1.09e-10 m3/mol | 5.48e-10 m3/mol |
Volume Magnetic Susceptibility | -0.00000798 | 0.000067 |
Optical Properties | ||
Refractive Index | - | - |
Acoustic Properties | ||
Speed of Sound | 5400 m/s | 5970 m/s |
Thermal Properties - Enthalpies and thermodynamics
Name | Germanium | Ruthenium |
Melting Point | 1211.4 K | 2607 K |
Boiling Point | 3093 K | 4423 K |
Critical Temperature | - | - |
Superconducting Point | - | 0.49 |
Enthalpies | ||
Heat of Fusion | 31.8 kJ/mol | 25.7 kJ/mol |
Heat of Vaporization | 334 kJ/mol | 580 kJ/mol |
Heat of Combustion | -536 J/(kg K) | - |
Regulatory and Health - Health and Safety Parameters and Guidelines
Name | Germanium | Ruthenium |
CAS Number | CAS7440-56-4 | CAS7440-18-8 |
RTECS Number | RTECSLY5200000 | - |
DOT Hazard Class | 4.1 | 4.1 |
DOT Numbers | 3089 | 3089 |
EU Number | - | - |
NFPA Fire Rating | 0 | - |
NFPA Health Rating | 1 | - |
NFPA Reactivity Rating | 0 | - |
NFPA Hazards | - | - |
AutoIgnition Point | - | - |
Flashpoint | - | - |